土木工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献高层建筑Word格式.docx
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土木工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献高层建筑Word格式.docx
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@#@High-RiseBuildingsIntroduction@#@Itisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.@#@Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystems@#@becomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.@#@Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.@#@Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.@#@Unfortunately,thisisnotisforhigh-risebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyresistancetomomentanddeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeandadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,@#@girders,walls,andslabsinordertomadeahigh-risebuildingssufficientlyresistanttomuchhigherlateraldeformations.@#@Aspreviouslymentioned,thequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoffloorofahigh-risebuildingsisinexcessofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuildings.Butquantityofmaterialrequiredforresistinglateralforcesisevenmoresignificant.@#@Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreases.Buthereitshouldbenotedthattheincreaseintheweightofmaterialaddedforgravityloadismuchmoresizablethansteel,whereasforwindloadtheincreaseforlateralforceresistanceisnotthatmuchmoresincetheweightofaconcretebuildingshelpstoresistoverturn.Ontheotherhand,theproblemofdesignforearthquakeforces.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswillgiverisetoagreateroveralllateralforceundertheofseismiceffects.@#@Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateraltolateralforcesanddeflectionsinhigh-risebuildingswithouttoomuchsacrifireineconomy.@#@1.Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease,otherthingsremainingcinstant.However,thisdoesrequirethatverticalcomponentsofthewidenedsubsystembesuitablyconnectedtoactuallygainthisbenefit.@#@2.Designsubsystemssuchthatthecomponentsaremadetointeractinthemostefficientmanner.Forexample,usetrusssystemswithchordsanddiagonalsefficientlystressed,placereinforcingforwallsatcriticallocations,andoptimizestiffnessratiosforrigidframes.@#@3.Increasethematerialinthemosteffectiveresistingcomponents.Forexample,materialsaddedinthelowerfloorstotheflangesofcolumnsandconnectinggirderswilldirectlydecreasetheoveralldeflectionandincreasethemomentresistance@#@withoutcontributingmassintheupperfloorswheretheearthquakeproblemisaggravated.@#@4.Arrangetohavethegreaterpartofverticalloadsbecarrieddirectlyontheprimarymoment-resistingcomponents.Thiswillhelpstabilizethebuildingsagainsttensileoverturningforcesbyprecompressingthemajoroverturn-resistingcomponents.@#@5.Thelocalshearineachstorycanbebestresistedbystrategicplacementifsolidwallsortheuseofdiagonalmembersinaverticalsubsystem.Resis
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