英美文化chapter 11Word文档格式.docx
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英美文化chapter 11Word文档格式.docx
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■ educationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;
nonationalministryofeducation
■ eachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation
♦♦♦Emphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearning
■ ScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceivetSif)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;
■ Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;
■ Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.
®
Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.
EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.
Quotationsconcerningeducation:
Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)
Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)
Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator)
2. EducationalSystem
2.1 ElementaryandSecondaryEducation
♦♦♦Elementaryandsecondaryeducation—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12grades
♦♦♦Oneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJune
♦♦♦Differentdivisionsofschoolsystems:
©
elementaryschool—onethrougheight
highschool—nextfouryears
elementaryschool—onethroughsix
juniorhighschool—seventhroughnine
seniorhighschool—tenthroughtwelve
♦♦♦Elementaryeducation
■ Courses—reading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducation
■ Classsize—20to30students
♦♦♦Secondaryeducation
■ Twostages:
juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschool
■ Courses:
morespecialized—English,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.
■ Nineperiodsforaday:
• fiveforacademicsubjects
• oneforphysicaleducation
• alunchperiod
• twostudyperiods
- visitingthelibrary
- participatinginextracurricularactivity
♦♦♦Noannualcollegeentranceexamination;
applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:
2.2 HigherEducation
♦♦♦Thebeginningofhighereducation—thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636
■ abigenterprisewithacomplexsystem
♦♦♦Fourcategoriesofinstitutions:
■ theuniversity
■ thefour-yearundergraduateinstitution—thecollege
■ technicaltraininginstitution
■ two-yearcommunitycollege
College&
University
♦♦♦College—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorof
Sciences(B.S.)degree
♦♦♦University—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurpose
♦♦♦Functionsofhighereducation
■ teaching
■ research
■ publicservice
♦♦♦Locationofinstitutions
■ NewYork—308institutions
■ California—299institutions
■ NevadaandWyoming—onlynineinstitutionseach
♦♦♦Thevarietyofsubjects
■ fineartsandpractical,career-orientedfields
♦♦♦Thevarietyofinstitutions
■ large,comprehensiveuniversitiesandsmalltraditionalliberalartscolleges
♦♦♦Factorsforstudents’personalpreferences
■ size,academicquality,location
■ reputationofthefacultyanddepartment
TheBoard
❖ Theboardoftrustees(fT-A-)—carryingoutadministrationofcollegesanduniversities
❖ Composedprimarilyoflaymen(AAA.Ai)
■ Laymen—representthepublicintereststhanprofessionals
❖ Legalbody,responsiblefortheinstitution
❖ Responsibilities:
■ choosingthepresident;
■ establishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty;
■ approvingthebudget;
■ thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems,etc.
CollegeLife
♦♦♦Anacademicyear—ninemonths
■ twoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersession
■ a“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreak
♦♦♦Credits
■ earnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminations
■ onecredit—onehourofclassperweekinasinglecourse
■ acoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemester
♦♦♦Livingaccommodations—notenoughresidencehalls
■ modernandfashionable,butlimitedandsmallinspace
♦♦♦Sports—significantinuniversitylife
■ football—mostpopular
■ footballandbasketballscholarships
■ studentsasathleticsor“jocks”(^^is^tlM)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistance
♦♦♦Students’organizations—clubsandactivities
■ helpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbies
• art,music,drama,debate
• foreignlanguages,photography
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