英语文体学要略Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英语文体学要略Word文档下载推荐.docx
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thestudyofstyle"
(1989:
437).Thisdefinitionisclearandconcise,butitdoesnottellusmuchaboutthefielduntilwehavehadagooddiscussionofwhatstyleis.Widdowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinition:
"
Bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo"
(1975:
3).Hefurtherexplainsthedefinitionfromthemorphologicalmake-upofthewordstylistics,pointingoutthatthe'
styl'
componentrelatesstylisticstoliterarycriticism,andthe'
is-tics'
componenttolinguistics.Leechholdsasimilarview.Hedefinesstylisticsasthe"
studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature"
(1969:
1),andconsidersstylisticsa"
meeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy"
2).FromwhatWiddowsonandLeechsay,wecanseethatstylisticsisanareaofstudywhichstraddlestwodisciplines:
literarycriticismandlinguistics.Ittakesliterarydiscourse(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.Thusdefined,wemayexcludetwokindsof'
borderline'
studies,workwhichisinsomewayslinguisticallyorientedbutnotdirectlyrelatedtoliteraryinterpretation(e.g.computer-orientedstudyofauthorship),andworkwhichisclaimedtodealwithstylebutdoesnotmakeuseoflinguisticfactsandtheory.
EmergenceofStylisticsasanInterdisciplinaryFieldofStudy
Thedatewhenstylisticsbecameafieldofacademicinquiryisdifficulttodetermine.However,itmaybesaidthatitwasnotuntilthelate1950'
sthatstylisticsbegantoadvancewithsignificantandmeasurablestrides.In1958,thefirstconferenceonstylisticswasheldatIndianaUniversity,U.S.A.andelevenyearslater,anotherconferencewhichattractedspecialistsfromovertencountrieswasconvenedinBellagio,Italy.Thepaperspresentedanddiscussedatbothconferenceswerecharacterizedbysystematicandobjectiveanalysisofthelanguageofliteratureandwerelaterpublished.Thisgreatlyhelpedstylisticstogainpopularityandledtoagrowinginterestinthesubject.Consequently,anumberofmorecoherentandsystematicworksofbothatheoreticalandapracticalnaturewerepublishedinthefield.Now,stylisticshasdevelopedintoaninterdisciplinaryareaofstudywithexplicitaimsandeffectivetechniques,andpromisestoofferusefulinsightsintoliterarycriticismandtheteachingofliterature.
EnglishstylisticshasdevelopedonthebasisoftraditionalrhetoricwhichmaybetracedbacktoAristotle'
stime.Nevertheless,itwasthe'
threerevolutions'
insocialsciences(Lott,1988)thatbroughtittotherighttrackandbroughtaboutitspresentstatus.
Oneoftherevolutionsisthemodernistmovementinartandliterature,lastingfrom1890tothebeginningofWorldWarⅡ.Toagreatextent,therevolutionwasabreakwithtraditioninthewaysitinfluencedboththecontentandlanguageofliterature.Fromthismovementonwards,creativewritersexercisenorestraintsonthesortoflanguagetheyuseintheirwritings.Inmodernistliterature,readerscouldfindmuchtosurprisetheminrespectofcontentaswellaslanguage.
Anotherrevolutionistheoneinliterarycriticismwhichhashadaprofoundandradicalinfluenceonstylistics.Inthe1930'
s,thecriticaltheorist,I.A.Richards,expressedhisdissatisfactionwiththosecriticsofhisage.Inhisopinion,theyseemedtobetoomuchpreoccupiedwithliterature'
sroleineducatingthereadersmorallyandemotionally.Hecalledforamoreobjectiveapproachtoliterarytexts.Inhisfamousbook:
PracticalCriticism(1929),heestablishedanapproachtopoetrywhichdependedonclosereadingofthetext.HewasjoinedbyscholarssuchasWilliamEmpsonwhoseworkSevenTypesofAmbiguity(1930)hadawideinfluenceandpromotedtheconceptofambiguityasadefininglinguisticcharacteristicofpoetry.Theirinsistenceonclosereadingofthetextandanalysisofthelanguageofthetextcoincideswiththestartingpointofstylistics,thusgreatlyfacilitatingitsdevelopment.
Thethirdrevolutiontookplaceinlinguisticsciencestartinginthelate1950'
s.ItwasinitiatedbytheworkofNoamChomskyandMichaelHallidaywhosethoughtsweredirectlyorindirectlyinfluencedbythelinguistictheoryofF.deSassure,thefounderofmodernlinguistics.Chomsky'
stransformational-generativegrammarrevealedasystemofsurfacestructureanddeepstructureinEnglishsyntax.Italsobroughtaboutanewawarenessofhowthehumanmindisinnatelyabletosystematizerealitybytheuse
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