onesacrowd单人成群Word下载.docx
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onesacrowd单人成群Word下载.docx
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February4,2012
MOREpeoplelivealonenowthanatanyothertimeinhistory.InprosperousAmericancities—Atlanta,Denver,Seattle,SanFranciscoandMinneapolis—40percentormoreofallhouseholdscontainasingleoccupant.InManhattanandinWashington,nearlyoneintwohouseholdsareoccupiedbyasingleperson.
Multimedia
Graphic
SoloinAmerica
MoreonTheirOwnHere,andEvenMoreAbroad
InteractiveMap
PercentageofHouseholdsWithOnlyOneOccupant
Byinternationalstandards,thesenumbersaresurprising—surprisinglylow.InParis,thecityoflovers,morethanhalfofallhouseholdscontainsinglepeople,andinsocialistStockholm,theratetops60percent.
Thedecisiontolivealoneiscommonindiversecultureswheneveritiseconomicallyfeasible.AlthoughAmericanspridethemselvesontheirself-relianceandcultureofindividualism,Germany,FranceandBritainhaveagreaterproportionofone-personhouseholdsthantheUnitedStates,asdoesJapan.Threeofthenationswiththefastest-growingpopulationsofsinglepeople—China,IndiaandBrazil—arealsoamongthosewiththefastestgrowingeconomies.
Themerethoughtoflivingaloneoncesparkedanxiety,dreadandvisionsofloneliness.Butthoseimagesaredated.Nowthemostprivilegedpeopleonearthusetheirresourcestoseparatefromoneanother,tobuyprivacyandpersonalspace.
Livingalonecomportswithmodernvalues.Itpromotesfreedom,personalcontrolandself-realization—allprizedaspectsofcontemporarylife.
Itislessfeared,too,forthecrucialreasonthatlivingalonenolongersuggestsanisolatedorless-sociallife.Afterinterviewingmorethan300singletons(mytermforpeoplewholivealone)duringnearlyadecadeofresearch,I’veconcludedthatlivingaloneseemstoencouragemore,notless,socialinteraction.
Paradoxically,ourspecies,solongdefinedbygroupsandbythenuclearfamily,hasbeenabletoembarkonthisexperimentinsololivingbecauseglobalsocietieshavebecomesointerdependent.Dynamicmarkets,flourishingcitiesandopencommunicationssystemsmakemodernautonomymoreappealing;
theygiveusthecapacitytolivealonebuttoengagewithotherswhenandhowwewanttoandonourownterms.
Infact,livingalonecanmakeiteasiertobesocial,becausesinglepeoplehavemorefreetime,absentfamilyobligations,toengageinsocialactivities.
Comparedwiththeirmarriedcounterparts,singlepeoplearemorelikelytospendtimewithfriendsandneighbors,gotorestaurantsandattendartclassesandlectures.Thereismuchresearchsuggestingthatsinglepeoplegetoutmore—andnotonlytheyoungerones.ErinCornwell,asociologistatCornell,analyzedresultsfromtheGeneralSocialSurvey(whichdrawsonanationallyrepresentativesampleoftheUnitedStatespopulation)from2000to2008andfoundthatsinglepeople35andolderweremorelikelythanthosewholivedwithaspouseoraromanticpartnertospendasocialeveningwithneighborsorfriends.In2008,herhusband,BenjaminCornwell(alsoasociologistatCornell),wasleadauthorof“TheSocialConnectednessofOlderAdults,”apaperintheAmericanSociologicalReviewthatshowedthatsingleseniorshadthesamenumberoffriendsandcorediscussionpartnersastheirmarriedpeersandweremorelikelytosocializewithfriendsandneighbors.
SURVEYS,somebymarketresearchcompaniesthatstudybehaviorforclientsdevelopingproductsandservices,alsoindicatethatmarriedpeoplewithchildrenaremorelikelythansinglepeopletohunkerdownathome.Thoseinlargesuburbanhomesoftensplinterintoprivateroomstobealone.Theimageofamodernfamilyinaroomtogether,eachpluggedintoaseparatereality,beitasmartphone,computer,videogameorTVshowhasbecomeaculturalcliché
.
Newcommunicationstechnologiesmakelivingaloneasocialexperience,sobeinghomealonedoesnotfeelinvoluntaryorlikesolitaryconfinement.Thepersonaloneathomecandigitallynavigatethroughaworldofpeople,informationandideas.Internetusedoesnotseemtocutpeopleofffromrealfriendshipsandconnections.
ThePewInternetPersonalNetworksandCommunitySurvey—anationallyrepresentativesurveyof2,512Americanadultsconductedin2008thatwasthefirsttoexaminehowtheInternetandcellphonesaffectourcoresocialnetworks—showsthatWebusecanleadtomoresociallife,ratherthantoless.“SocialIsolationandNewTechnology,”writtenbytheRutgersUniversitycommunicationsscholarKeithHampton,revealsthatheavyusersaremorelikelythanotherstohavelargeanddiversesocialnetworks;
morelikelytovisitparks,cafesandrestaurants;
andmorelikelytomeetdiversepeoplewithdifferentperspectivesandbeliefs.
TodayfivemillionpeopleintheUnitedStatesbetweenages18and34livealone,10time
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