第八章-抽象与具体Word格式.doc
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第八章-抽象与具体Word格式.doc
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如:
1)Thesignsofthetimespointtothenecessityofthemodificationofthesystemofadministration.(“Times”)(=Itisbecomingclearthattheadministrativesystemmustbe,modified)
管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。
2)Noyearpassesnowwithoutevidenceofthetruthofthestatementthattheworkofgovernmentisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.(“Spectator”)(=Everyyearshowsagainhowtrueitisthat…)
行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了,每年都证明确实如此。
3)Thereseemstohavebeenanabsenceofattemptatconciliationbetweenrivalsects.(“DailyTelegraph”)(=Thesectsseemnevereventohavetriedmutualconciliation)
对立的派别似乎从来就没有试图去谋求和解。
抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍,尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信件等文体。
这种表达法得以流行,还有以下几个主要原因:
一、抽象思维被认为是一种高级思维(superiormind),是文明人的一种象征(markofcivilizedman).随着科学技术的发达和文明社会的进步,原有的感性表达方式已不足以表达复杂的理性概念,因而需要借助于抽象、概括的方法。
这正如H.Jacobi所说的:
‘‘abstractmethodsofdictionweremoreandmoreneededasthesphereofideastobeexpressedbecamenarrowerandnarrower.”此外,许多作者为了显耀其思想深奥而故弄玄虚、追随时尚,也嗜好抽象表达法。
例如:
1)Theabsenceofintelligenceisanindicationofsatisfactorydevelopments.(=Nonewsisgoodnews)
没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。
2)Wasthistherealizationofananticipatedliability?
(=Didyouexpectyouwouldhavetodothis?
)
你有没有预料到你必需做这件事?
3)Theactualdateofthecompletionofthepurchaseshouldcoincidewiththeavailabilityofthenewfacilities.(=Thepurchaseshouldnotbecompleteduntilthenewfacilitiesareavailable)
必须等到有了这些新设备,才能购买这批货。
4)Ahighdegreeofcarelessness,pre-operativeandpost-operative,onthepartofsomeofthehospitalstaff,tookplace.(=Someofthehospitalstaffwereverycarelessbothbeforeandaftertheoperation)
医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心。
5)Thelackoffiguresmayprovetobeanobstacletotheefficiencyofthewholeoftheproposedstatisticalcontentoftheexercise.(=Lackoffiguresmaymakeitdifficulttoproduceaccuratestatistics)
缺乏数据会使准确的统计变得很困难。
二、抽象词语意义模糊,便于掩饰作者含混(cloudy)或真实的思想,以迎合其某种表达的需要,因而也得以流行。
E.Gowers指出,“Unfortunatelytheveryvaguenessofabstractwordsisoneofthereasonsfortheirpopularity.Toexpressone’sthoughtsaccuratelyishardwork,andtobepreciseissometimesdangerous.Wearetemptedtopreferthesaferobscurityoftheabstract.Itisthegreatestviceofpresent-daywriting.”这种不良的文风常常表现在过分使用涵义抽象、内容虚泛、语气庄严的大字眼(pompouswords),有时简直到了装腔作势、令人难以捉摸的地步:
Whereasthemicro-economicneo-classicaltheoryofdistributionwasbasedonapostulateofrationalitysuitedtotheirstaticanalysisandinstitutionalassumptions,wearenolongerjustifiedinacceptingthisbasisandaresettheproblemofdiscoveringtheValuepremisessuitedtotheexpectationalanalysisandtheinstitutionalnatureofmodernbusiness.Theneo-classicalpostulateofrationalityandtheconceptoftheentrepreneurastheprofitmaximizingindividual,should,Ithink,bereplacedbyasociologicalanalysisofthegoalsofthefirminrelationtoitsnatureasanorganizationwithinthesocio-politicalsystem.
这段文字是英国人写的,说的是有关商业人士如何作出决策;
下段文字则出自美国人之笔,讲的是有关检验为军用飞行器或宇宙飞船特制的食品:
Strangenessofsampleshasbeenshowntoleadtorelativerejectionofproductsinthecomparativeabsenceofcluestoaframeofreferencewithinwhichjudgmentmaytakeplace.Variationincluesselectedbyjudgesasabasisforevaluationleadtogreaterinter-judgedisagreement.Additionofafunctional(utilitarian)basisforjudgmenttendstoreducerelativeimportanceofproductphysicalcharacteristicsasabasisforjudgment.Intheabsenceofanyjudgmentalframeofreferencereductioninthenumberofproductphysicalattributesapparenttothejudgeappearstoreduceoperationofbasesforrejectionandincreasehomogeneityofjudgmentbetweensubjects;
inter-samplediscriminationisalsoreduced.
滥用抽象词语在公文里已是司空见惯。
加拿大国防部根据某些常用虚泛词语的搭配习惯,发明了一个“公式化套语生成表”,称之为“Buss—phraseGenerator”:
Column1Column2Column3
0.integrated0.management0.options
1.overall1.organizational1.flexibility
2.systematized2.monitored2.capability
3.parallel3.reciprocal3.mobility
4.functional4.digital4.programming
5.responsive5.logistical5.concept
6.optional6.transitional6.time-phase
7.synchronized7.incremental7.projection
8.compatible8.third-generation8.hardware
9.balanced9.p
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- 第八 抽象 具体