朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Word格式.docx
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朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Word格式.docx
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usesnames.Aperson'
snamecantellusabitaboutaperson'
sfamily.Today,
we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheir
children.Andthenwe'
lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferent
categoriesoffamilynames.Althoughthescopeofthelecturetodayis
English-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookat
namesfromanyculture.
Let'
stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparents
choosethefirstnamefortheirchild.
Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitis
passedfromgenerationtogeneration;
forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbe
namedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassed
todaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding"
junior"
or"
thesecond"
forexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys'
notwithgirls’
names.
Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwho
hasdiedrecently,oraftersomeone"
theyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderor
afamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,for
example,"
Richard"
meanspowerfuland“Ann"
meansgrace,nowadays
meaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby'
sname.
Thethirdwayistoprovidea"
push"
forthechild.Parentswanttochoosea
namethatsoundsvery"
successful."
Astrongnamemighthelptheminthe
businessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksfor
eithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthe
mostcommonwayparentschooseaname?
Manyparentschooseaname
simplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit'
sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsin
nameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynames
camefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahand
Matthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,
namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.
Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin
1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,
David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:
Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,and
Katherine,justtonameafew.They'
reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.
slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.
Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey'
vedividedthem
intofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:
placenames,patronymics,added
names,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000
mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,
32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9
percentwereaddednames.
Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwherea
personlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,for
example,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmma
Bridges,whatimagedoyousee?
Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?
Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.
Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That'
sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.A
patronymicisthefather’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.The
endingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,
Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,Petersenis
sonofPeter,andsoon.
Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory
"
nicknames,"
butwhenmostofusheartheword"
nickname,"
wethinkofa
specialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.Theword"
nickname"
isactually
anoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI'
ll
usetheterm"
addedname."
Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethe
namesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.
Reedwasfrom"
red"
forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,
someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.
STUDENT2:
Someonebig?
Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,we
couldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.
Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamily
namewastheperson'
soccupation.Themostcommonexamplesof
occupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker(someonewhobakesbread).
Tailor(someonewhosewsclothes).Miller(someonewhomakesflourfor
bread),andSmith....Now,Smithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthe
westernEnglish-speakingworld.Thenamecomes
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