Pragmatic Failure in English WritingWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Abstract :
G.kasperandS.Blum-KulkaconsidertransferastheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilarItiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviously(andperhapsimperfecly)acquired.Themainobstacletolearners'
EnglishwritingappearstobetheirrestrictedL2linguisticknowledge,ordifficultyinaccessingitsmoothly.Somenativespeakers,althoughperfectlycompetentintheusesandinterpretationofthepatternsofspeechbehaviorwhichprevailintheirowncommunitiesarenotevenevenawareofthepatternednatureoftheirspeechbehavior.Thisstudymainlyfocusonpragmaticfailureinstudents'
Englishwriting.Inthesecondsection,theauthordoesanerroranalysisoflanguageexpressionsthatarecontextuallyandsociallyinappropriate.Theessayaimstoraisestudents'
concernontheirpragmaticerrorstriggeredbyL1transferandgivesomeadviceonEnglishwriting.
Keywords :
negativepragmatictrasfer,Englishwriting1.Introduction
Writingisavisualrepresentationofspeechinwritingandspeakingthelanguagelearnerisengagedincommunicatingtheideasandfeelings.Writingdemandsconsciousintellectualeffort,s
whichisaprocessofmentallyencoding.Howeve,rinthisprocess,manystudentshavemademany
pragmaticerrorsintheirwriting.Mothertongueisoneofthemainfactorsthataffectstudents'
Englishwritingability.Writingisknownasoneoftheproductiveskills.Soitisnecessarytoraisestudents'
pragmaticawarenessinwritingwiththepurposeofimprovingtheirwritingability.
2.Pragmaticfailure
2.1PragmalinguisticfailureinEnglishwriting
Pragmalinguisticfailureisdefinedasthelackofpragmaticknowledge ,whichcouldbeconsideredstraightforwardlyaspartofthegrammar.ItiscommontofindstudentsmakeerrorsincollocationduetotheirimpactoftheirmothertonguewhentheywriteanEnglishcomposition.Takethestudent'
swritingforexample.Example1,Theireconomicbasisisgood.Inthisinstance,"
basic"
shouldbemodifiedby"
solidorsound"
ratherthan"
good"
althoughitsoundsfeasibleinChinese.AlackofL2pragmalinguisticsophisticationorpurposefulloyaltytoL1culturalpatternshassomebearingsonEnglishwriting.Example2,Withmoreandmorewomenstepintowork,womenseemtobehappierthanhousewives.Theverbphrase"
stepinto"
couldn'
tmodifythenoun"
work"
properly."
Stepinto"
means"
intervention"
,sothesentenceshouldberectifiedinto"
withmoreandmorewomeninwork,womenseemtobehappierthanhousewives"
.Aswecansee,somestudentsonlyknowthedenotationofthesewordsbuttheydon'
thaveagoodcommandoftheirconotatio,n
usageandculturalnormsunderlyingthesewords.Example3,Heiseasiertowinthepraise.Thesentenceshouldbetrascribledinto"
Itiseasierforhertowinthepraise"
.Itshowsthatthestudent
borrowexpressionsfromhismothertonguewithouttakingcontentintoaccoun,twhichmakeshim
inabletoarticulatewhataccordswithtargetlanguage.Example4,Duringthecollegetime,theylearnedalotofknowledge,notfocusedononeside.Theimproperverbandnouncombinationisascribabletothestudent'
smechanicallyborrowingtheexpression"
learnknowledge"
fromhismothertongue.IntheU.S.culture,nativespeakersprefertouse"
obtain,acquire,gainorgather"
tomodify"
knowledge"
.
2.2SociopragmaticfailureinEnglishwriting
Sociopragmaticsisconcernedwiththerulesandconventionsofsituationally,culturallyandsociallyappropriateandacceptablelanguageuse.Thisincludesknowledgeabout"
thetaboo,smutualrights,obligationsandconventionalcoursesofactionthatapplyinagivenspeechcommunity."
(Roever,2006,230)SomestudentsnegativelytransfersociopragmaticnormsfromL1intotargetlanguage.Thelexicalitemsorsyntacticstructureareusedinawaythatdoesn'
tconveyvalueorientationoftargetcommunity.Example1,Inourdailylife,wecanseesomethingssuchas"
hastemakeswaste"
.Weallknowthesaying"
eatingonecan'
tbeafatman"
.Accordingtothecontex,tthestudentwantstomakeitclearthatitishardtoachievehisanticipatedgoalsifoneistooeagerforquicksuccessandinstantbenefit.However,heoverlookedculturalmeaningattachedtotargetlanguage.Theproverbshouldbe"
Romewasnotbuiltinoneday"
or"
Anoakisnotfelledatonestroke"
.Example2,Thekindlyoldgrannywouldtelltheoldmythsandstoriesaboutthemoon."
Old"
inwesterncountriesisoftenavoidedtotalkabout.Theimplicationof"
old"
inwesterncountriesdiffersfromthatinChineseculture.Therefore,"
kindlygranny"
ismorecompatibleinthissentence.
3.Implicationandconclusion
Forlanguageuserstobepragmaticallysuccessfully ,theymustbeabletoconsider,selectandcombineelementsfromthesetwoareasinaccordancewit
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