Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word文件下载.doc
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Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word文件下载.doc
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lFeaturesofhumanlanguage
nCreativity
uLanguageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.
uThegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.
nDuality
uLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.
uCertainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.
uCertainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.
nArbitrariness
uTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.
uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.
nDisplacement
uThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.
uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.
nCulturaltransmission
uCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.
uLanguageisawayoftransmittingculture.
nInterchangeability
uAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.
nReflexivity
uHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.
uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.
lFunctionsoflanguage–threemeta-functions
nTheideationalfunction
uToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.
nTheinterpersonalfunction
uTogetalonginacommunity.
nThetextualfunction
uToformatext.
lTypesoflanguage
nGeneticclassification
nTypologicalclassification
uAnalyticlanguage–noinflectionsorformalchanges,grammaticalrelationshipsareshownthroughwordorder,suchasChineseandVietnamese
uSyntheticlanguage–grammaticalrelationshipsareexpressedbychangingtheinternalstructureofthewords,typicallybychangingtheinflectionalendings,suchasEnglishandGerman
uAgglutinatinglanguage–wordsarebuiltoutofalongsequenceofunits,witheachunitexpressingaparticulargrammaticalmeaning,suchasJapaneseandTurkish
lThemythoflanguage–languageorigin
nTheBiblicalaccount
uLanguagewasGod’sgifttohumanbeings.
nThebow-wowtheory
uLanguagewasanimitationofnaturalsounds,suchasthecriesofanimals,likequack,cuckoo.
nThepooh-poohtheory
uLanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoy.
nTheyo-he-hotheory
uLanguagearosefromthenoisesmadebyagroupofpeopleengagedinjointlabouroreffort–liftingahugehuntedgame,movingarock,etc.
nTheevolutiontheory
uLanguageoriginatedintheprocessoflabourandansweredthecallofsocialneed.
lWhatislinguistics?
nLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
uObserving&
questioning
uFormulatinghypotheses
uVerifyingthehypotheses
uProposingatheory
nBranchesoflinguistics
uInternalbranches:
intra-disciplinarydivisions
lPhonetics
lPhonology
lMorphology
lSyntax
lSemantics
uExternalbranches:
inter-disciplinarydivisions
lPragmatics
lPsycholinguistics
lSociolinguistics
lAppliedlinguistics
lComputationallinguistics
lNeurolinguistics
nFeaturesoflinguistics
uDescriptive
uDealingwithspokenlanguage
uSynchronic
Chapter2Phonetics
lWhatisphonetics?
nPhoneticsistermedasthestudyofspeechsounds.
nSub-branchesofphonetics
uArticulatoryphonetics–theproductionofspeechsounds
uAcousticphonetics–thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds
uAuditoryphonetics–theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds
lThespeechorgans
nWheredoestheairstreamcomefrom?
uFromthelung
nWhatisthefunctionofvocalcords?
uControllingtheairstream
nWhatarethecavities?
uOralcavity
uPharyngealcavity
uNasalcavity
lTranscriptionofspeechsounds
nUnitsofrepresentation
uSegments(theindividualsounds)
nPhoneticsymbols
uThewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).
uTheIPAattemptstorepresenteachsoundofhumanspeechwithasinglesymbolandthesymbolsareenclosedinbrac
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- 关 键 词:
- Linguistics 语言学 胡壮麟 英文