医院管理信息系统的设计与实现外文翻译.docx
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医院管理信息系统的设计与实现外文翻译.docx
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英文原文
TheexplosionoftheInternetande-businessinrecentyearshascausedasecondaryexplosionofinformation.Industryanalystspredictthatmoredatawillbegeneratedinthenextthreeyearsthaninallofrecordedhistory.Enterprisebusinessapplicationscanrespondtothisinformationoverloadinoneoftwoways:
theycanbendandbreakunderthesheervolumeanddiversityofsuchdata,ortheycanharnessthisinformationandtransformitintoavaluableassetbywhichtogainacompetitiveadvantageinthemarketplace.
BecausetheadoptionofInternet-basedbusinesstransactionmodelshassignificantlyoutpacedthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechnologiestodealwiththeinformationexplosion,manybusinessesfindthemselvesunintentionallyusingtheformerapproach.Significantdevelopmentresourcesarespentonquickanddirtyintegrationsolutionsthatcobbletogetherdifferentdatamanagementsystems(databases,contentmanagementsystems,enterpriseapplicationsystems)andtransformdatafromoneformattoanother(structured,XML,bytestreams).Revenueislostwhenapplicationssufferfromscalabilityandavailabilityproblems.Newbusinessopportunitiesaresimplyoverlookedbecausethecriticalnuggetsofinformationrequiredtomakeabusinessdecisionarelostamongthemassesofdatabeinggenerated.
Relationaldatabaseswerebornoutofaneedtostore,manipulateandmanagetheintegrityoflargevolumesofdata.Inthe1960s,networkandhierarchicalsystemssuchasCODASYLandIMSwerethestate-of-the-arttechnologyforautomatedbanking,accounting,andorderprocessingsystemsenabledbytheintroductionofcommercialmainframecomputers.Whilethesesystemsprovidedagoodbasisfortheearlysystems,theirbasicarchitecturemixedthephysicalmanipulationofdatawithitslogicalmanipulation.Whenthephysicallocationofdatachanged,suchasfromoneareaofadisktoanother,applicationshadtobeupdatedtoreferencethenewlocation.
ArevolutionarypaperbyCoddin1970anditscommercialimplementationschangedallthat.Codd'srelationalmodelintroducedthenotionofdataindependence,whichseparatedthephysicalrepresentationofdatafromthelogicalrepresentationpresentedtoapplications.Data
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couldbemovedfromonepartofthedisktoanotherorstoredinadifferentformatwithoutcausingapplicationstoberewritten.Applicationdeveloperswerefreedfromthetediousphysicaldetailsofdatamanipulation,andcouldfocusinsteadonthelogicalmanipulationofdatainthecontextoftheirspecificapplication.
Notonlydidtherelationalmodeleasetheburdenofapplicationdevelopers,butitalsocausedaparadigmshiftinthedatamanagementindustry.Theseparationbetweenwhatandhowdataisretrievedprovidedanarchitecturebywhichthenewdatabasevendorscouldimproveandinnovatetheirproducts.SQLbecamethestandardlanguagefordescribingwhatdatashouldberetrieved.Newstorageschemes,accessstrategies,andindexingalgorithmsweredevelopedtospeeduphowdatawasstoredandretrievedfromdisk,andadvancesinconcurrencycontrol,logging,andrecoverymechanismsfurtherimproveddataintegrityguaranteesGRAYLINDARIES.Cost-basedoptimizationtechniquesOPTcompletedthetransitionfromdatabasesactingasanabstractdatamanagementlayertobeinghigh-performance,high-volumequeryprocessingengines.
Ascompaniesglobalizedandastheirdataquicklybecamedistributedamongtheirnationalandinternationaloffices,theboundariesofDBMStechnologyweretestedagain.DistributedsystemssuchasR*andTANDEMshowedthatthebasicDBMSarchitecturecouldeasilybeexploitedtomanagelargevolumesofdistributeddata.DistributeddataledtotheintroductionofnewparallelqueryprocessingtechniquesPARA,demonstratingthescalabilityoftheDBMSasahigh-performance,high-volumequeryprocessingengine.
ThelessonslearnedinextendingtheDBMSwithdistributedandparallelalgorithmsalsoledtoadvancesinextensibility,wherebythemonolithicDBMSarchitecturewasreplumbedwithplug-and-playcomponentsSTARBURST.Suchanarchitectureenablednewabstractdatatypes,accessstrategiesandindexingschemestobeeasilyintroducedasnewbusinessneedsarose.DatabasevendorslatermadethesehookspubliclyavailabletocustomersasOracledatacartridges,Informix®DataBlades®,andDB2®Extenders.
Throughoutthe1980s,thedatabasemarketmaturedandcompaniesattemptedtostandardizeonasingledatabasevendor.However,therealityofdoingbusinessgenerally
madesuchastrategyunrealistic.Fromindependentdepartmentalbuyingdecisiontomergers
andacquisitions,thescenarioofmultipledatabaseproductsandothermanagementsystemsinasingleITshopbecamethenormratherthantheexception.Businessessoughtawaytostreamlinetheadministrativeanddevelopmentcostsassociatedwit
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- 医院 管理信息系统 设计 实现 外文 翻译
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