hnd大三经济学报告-(1).docx
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hnd大三经济学报告-(1).docx
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I.Introduction
Thisreportintroductionsomeeconomicsabouttheworldeconomyincludingfreetrade,exchangerate,balanceofpayment,NICandLDCandsoon.Inthisreportiwillanalyze14elementstomakeaclearexplanationaboutworldeconomy.
II.Text
1.Explainfreetradeincludingthetheoryofabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantage
Freetradehadtheoriginalintentionthatgoodsandservicescouldbeexchangedfreelybetweencountrieswithnobarrierstothisexchange.
Trans-PacificPartnershipAgreement,orTPP,asit’smorecommonlyknow.12countrieslikeAmerica,Japan,Australianandsoon,theyreachonagreementaboutTPPon5thofOctoberin2015.BetweenTPPmembers,theproductsandservicepricewilldecreaseandlogisticsspeedwillincrease.Addthe12countrieswhichaccountsfor40%oftheglobaleconomy.TheTPPwillreduceordecreasetariffon18000categoriesofproducts.
Absoluteadvantageissaidtooccurwhenonecountrycanproduceagoodorservicetoapre-determinedqualitywithlessresourcesthananothercountry.
Thebenefitoradvantageofaneconomytobeabletoproduceacommodityatalesseropportunitycostthanotherentitiesisreferredtoascomparativeadvantageininternationaltradetheory.
In1970s,manufactureindustrytakeuplargeproportioninUK,itsmanufactureindustryhasabsoluteadvantage.However,itsindustrybegantransfertooverseasfrom1980s.Particularlymanufactureindustry,UKenvironmentbecomeverybadduotomuchmanufactureindustry,soUKgovernmentdecideclosesomedomesticfactoryandinvestFinancialindustry.Financialindustryrosesharplybaseonthisopportunity.Financialindustrydon’thavetocausepollution,anditsprofitabilityalsoverygood.
2.Identifythreegainsfrominternationaltrade
Firstofall,goodsandservicescouldexchangefreelybetweencountrieswithnobarrierstothisexchange.Andthegoodscandecreasecost,andthatcanincreaseemploymentrateandrosetheeconomicinthelocalarea.
Second,Internationaltradecanimproveglobalproductivitybecausethatcanuseabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagetomakecostdeductionandafterthattheproductivitywillincrease.
Third,Internationaltradecustomercangetmoreproductsfromothercountries,andlowproductcostcanmakethegoodsbecomemorecheaperandinternationaltrademakethemarketbecomelargeandincreaseproductwillmakescaleeffect.
3.Explainbarrierstotradeincludingtwoformsofprotection
Tradebarriersaregovernment-inducedrestrictionsoninternationaltrade.Thebarrierscantakemanyforms,includingthefollowingtariffsandnontariffs.
Giveaexampleabouttariffs,35%tariffsonChinesetyresimposedontheUnitedStateson11thSeptemberin2009.ItmakeChinesetyresfirmshavetoincreasepriceifsalesinAmerica.
Forexampleaboutnontariffs,RussiatoUkraineforembargoeswhichsuspensionofUkraineimportsofjuiceon29thJulyin2014.ItmakeUkraine’sjuicenotallowsaleinRussia.
4.Explainwhygovernmentmaywishtorisebarrierstointernationaltrade
Becausegovernmentwanttoprotectthecountry’sjobopportunityandavoidanti-dumping.Forexample,LocalshoemakerinElche,thecapitalofSpain’sonceflourishingfootwearindustry,arguethat“MadeinChina”istakingawaytheirjobsbymeansofultra-lowpricing.
Forexampleaboutanti-dumping,earlierinMay2012,solarpanelmanufacturersintheUnitedStatesledtheU.S.Governmenttoimposeanti-dumpingduties,rangingfrom31%to250%onsolarpanelimportsfromChina,whichwereaccusedofsellingpanelsintheU.S.Marketatpricesbelowcost.
5.DescribetheroleofWTOindevelopmentoffreetrade
TheWTOwasfoundedin1994onApril15.WTOhas164memberstates,headquartersinGeneva,Switzerland.WTOobjectiveisimprovelifelevelensuresufficientjobopportunityandsolarimproveincomelevelandkeepthesustainabledevelopmentroadandensuredevelopingcountry’sinterests.
WTObasiconopen,equalityandmutualbenefit,escalatedecreasetariffsandnontariffsandeliminatediscriminatebetweenthememberstatesintheinternationaltrade.Thatwillpromotethedevelopmentoffreetrade.
On7thDecember2013,18yearshavepassedsincetheestablishmentoftheWTO’sfirstglobaltradeagreementwasborn.Thatwillpromotethedevelopmentoftreetrade.
6.0ExplainhowEUpromotefreetrade
EuropeanUnionorEUestablish1stofNovemberin1993.Thereare28memberofcountryintheEUnowlikeNetherlands,France,Italyandsoon.HeadquarteredinBrussels,Belgium.ThepurposeofEUisStrengthenthecoordinateddevelopmentofeconomyandsocietyandestablishtheeconomicandmonetaryunionofthefinalimplementationoftheunifiedmonetaryunion,andpromotethebalanceddevelopmentofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofthememberstates.
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