西方文明史复习资料,都是重点哦Word文档下载推荐.docx
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西方文明史复习资料,都是重点哦Word文档下载推荐.docx
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•TheConstitutionoutlinesafederalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranches:
thelegislative(lawmaking)branch(Congress),theexecutive(decision-making)branch(thepresidency),andthejudicialbranch(thecourts).
BillofRights
ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution,whichsafeguardsomespecificrightsoftheAmericanpeopleandthestates.
•Manystatesratified(approved)theConstitutionin1788and1789ontheconditionthatCongressamendittoguaranteecertaincivilliberties.JamesMadisondraftedthesefirsttenamendmentshimself,whichcollectivelybecameknownasthe BillofRights. TheBillofRightsprotectssomespecificrightsofboththeAmericanpeopleandthestates.Thetableonthenextpagesummarizesthetwenty-sevenamendmentstotheConstitution
LegislativeBranch
Congressisthelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernmentandisresponsibleforcreatinglaws.
Congressconsistsoftwochambers,anupperchambercalledtheSenate(100members)
andalowerchambercalledtheHouseofRepresentatives(435members).
HORisfixedandproportionallydistributedamongthe50states,eachonerepresentingthecongressionaldistrict.
Senate:
100senators,2perstate.
Congress
•Congresshasthesole(only)authoritytomakelaws,levytaxes,declarewar,andprintmoney,amongotherpowers.Congressalsocontrolsthefederalbudget.
ExecutiveBranch
•Thepresidencyistheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment.ThepresidentiselectedeveryfouryearsandisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsthatCongressmakes.Thepresidentisalsothecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandhasthepowertoconductforeignrelations.
JudicialBranch
•Thefederalcourtsmakeupthejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernment,whichconsistsofregionalcircuitcourts,appealscourts,andtheSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestlegalauthorityinthecountryandhasassumedthepowerofjudicialreviewtodecidethelegality(validity,truth)ofthelawsCongressmakes.
MythicalFounding
•MostAmericansre-imaginethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesinmythicalterms,asthetriumphofwisdomovertyrannicalignoranceandasthecreationofsomethingnewandimportantintheworld.
•AmericancitizenstendtoreveretheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution,andtheFoundingFathersareseenasmodelsofvirtue(quality)andpoliticalwisdom.
•TheiconicimageofGeorgeWashingtonontheone-dollarbillorthestatueofAbrahamLincolninsidetheLincolnMemorialfitsinwiththisheroicvisionofthefounders.
StruggleAgainstTyrannyandInjustice
MostAmericansoftenthinkoftheircountryasthechampionofdemocracyandjustice.ManyeventsinAmericanhistoryarethereforeseenaspartofthisstruggle.Americanstendtothinkofthe:
•CivilWarasabattletoendslavery
•WorldWarIIasthedefeatofeviltyrants
•ColdWarasatriumphofdemocraticvaluesovercommunismandtotalitarianism.Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
–Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
HistoryasProgress
•AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisnotaperfectdemocracy,manyAmericansinterpretitshistoryasprogresstowardabetterdemocracy.Inthisview,Americahasimprovedfromcenturytocentury,gettingbetterandmoredemocraticovertime.Theexpansionoftherighttovoteisthebestexample.
•e.g.,Atthestartoftherepublic,therighttovotewasrestrictedinmostplacestoolder,wealthy,whitelandowners.
RighttoVote
•Overtime,allcitizenswontherighttovote
Includingthemiddleclasses,thepoor, Women(1920), Peopleofotherraces(1965),Youngerpeople(1970), Americandemocracyhasthusgrownasmorepeoplehavebeenallowedtoparticipate.
2.Superheromythologyreg Intro:
History
Whatisamyth?
A storyofunknownauthorshipthatpeopletoldlongagoinanattempttoanswerseriousquestionsabouthowimportantthingsbeganandoccurred.
Theyarestoriesthatexplainnaturaloccurrencesandexpressbeliefsofrightand
wrong.Mythsusuallyhaveareligiousorspiritualsense
•Theyareearlymansdesiretoexplaintheuniverse.
i.e.,Apollo,thesonofZeus,drovethechariotofthesunacrossthesky
GodsandGoddesses
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