无线传感器网络中英文对照外文翻译文献Word下载.docx

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Distributedlocalizationinwirelesssensornetworks:

aquantitativecomparison

ABSTRACT

Thispaperstudiestheproblemofdeterminingthenodelocationsinad-hocsensornetworks.Wecomparethreedistributedlocalizationalgorithms（Ad-hocpositioning,Robustpositioning,andN-hopmultilateration）onasinglesimulationplatform.Thealgorithmsshareacommon,three-phasestructure:

（1）

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determinenode–anchordistances,

（2）computenodepositions,and（3）optionallyrefinethepositionsthroughaniterativeprocedure.Wepresentadetailedanalysiscomparingthevariousalternativesforeachphase,aswellasahead-to-headcomparisonofthecompletealgorithms.Themainconclusionisthatnosinglealgorithmperformsbest;

whichalgorithmistobepreferreddependsontheconditions（rangeerrors,connectivity,anchorfraction,etc.）.Ineachcase,however,thereissignificantroomforimprovingaccuracyand/orincreasing

coverage

INTRODUCTION

Wirelesssensornetworksholdthepromiseofmanynewapplicationsinthe

areaofmonitoringandcontrol.Examplesincludetargettracking,intrusiondetection,wildlifehabitatmonitoring,climatecontrol,anddisastermanagement.Theunderlyingtechnologythatdrivestheemergenceofsensorapplicationsistherapiddevelopmentintheintegrationofdigitalcircuitry,whichwillbringussmall,cheap,autonomoussensornodesinthenearfuture.

Newtechnologyoffersnewopportunities,butitalsointroducesnewproblems.Thisisparticularlytrueforsensornetworkswherethecapabilitiesofindividualnodesareverylimited.Hence,collaborationbetweennodesisrequired,butenergyconservationisamajorconcern,whichimpliesthatcommunicationshouldbeminimized.Theseconflictingobjectivesrequire

unorthodoxsolutionsformanysituations.

ArecentsurveybyAkyildizetal.discussesalong

issuesthatmustbeaddressedbeforesensornetworksdeployed.Theproblemsrangefromthephysicallayer

listofopenresearch

canbecomewidely（low-powersensing,

processing,andcommunicationhardware）allthewayuptotheapplicationlayer（queryanddatadisseminationprotocols）.Inthispaperweaddresstheissueoflocalizationinad-hocsensornetworks.Thatis,wewanttodeterminethelocationofindividualsensornodeswithoutrelyingonexternalinfrastructure

（basestations,satellites,etc.）.

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Thelocalizationproblemhasreceivedconsiderableattentioninthepast,asmanyapplicationsneedtoknowwhereobjectsorpersonsare,andhencevariouslocationserviceshavebeencreated.Undoubtedly,theGlobalPositioningSystem（GPS）isthemostwell-knownlocationserviceinusetoday.TheapproachtakenbyGPS,however,isunsuitableforlow-cost,ad-hocsensornetworkssinceGPSis based on extensive infrastructure （i.e., satellites）. Likewise solutionsdevelopedintheareaofroboticandubiquitouscomputingaregenerallynotapplicableforsensornetworksastheyrequiretoomuchprocessingpowerandenergy.

Recentlyanumberoflocalizationsystemshavebeenproposedspecificallyforsensornetworks.Weareinterestedintrulydistributedalgorithmsthatcanbeemployedonlarge-scalead-hocsensornetworks（100+nodes）.Suchalgorithmsshouldbe:

•self-organizing（i.e.,donotdependonglobalinfrastructure）,

•robust（i.e.,betoleranttonodefailuresandrangeerrors）,

•energyefficient（i.e.,requirelittlecomputationand,especially,communication）.

Theserequirementsimmediatelyruleoutsomeoftheproposedlocalizationalgorithmsforsensornetworks.Wecarriedoutathoroughsensitivityanalysisonthreealgorithmsthatdomeettheaboverequirementstodeterminehowwelltheyperformundervariousconditions.Inparticular,westudiedtheimpactofthefollowingparameters:

rangeerrors,connectivity （density）,andanchorfraction.Thesealgorithmsdifferintheirpositionaccuracy,networkcoverage,inducednetworktraffic,andprocessorload.Giventhe（slightly）differentdesignobjectivesforthethreealgorithms,itisnosurprisethateachalgorithmoutperformstheothersunderaspecificsetofconditions.Undereachcondition,however,eventhebestalgorithmleavesmuchroomforimprovingaccuracyand/orincreasingcoverage.

Themaincontributionsofourworkdescribedinthispaperare:

•weidentifyacommon,three-phase,structureinthedistributedlocalization

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algorithms.

•weidentifyagenericoptimizationapplicabletoallalgorithms.

•weprovideadetailedcomparisononasingle（simulation）platform.

•weshowthatthereisnoalgorithmthatperformsbest,andthatthereexistsroomforimprovementinmostcases.

Section2discussestheselection,genericstructure,andoperationofthreedistributedlocalizationalgorithmsforlarge-scalead-hocsensornetworks.Thesealgorithmsarecomparedonasimulationplatform,whichis