英语论文写作规范范文.docx

英语论文写作规范范文.docx

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英语论文写作规范范文

Chapter1Quotation

Therearetwokindsofquotations:

directandindirect.Anindirectquotationmaybeaninterpretation,aparaphrase,orasummaryoftheoriginalinthewriter’sownwords.Theaccuracyofdirectquotationsinresearchwritingisextremelyimportant.Theymustreproducetheoriginalsourcesexactly.Unlessindicatedinbracketsorparenthesis,changesmustnotbemadeinthespelling,capitalization,orinteriorpunctuationofthesource.

1.Prose

a）Ifaprosequotationrunsnomorethanfourlinesandrequiresnospecialemphasis,putitinquotationmarksandincorporateitintothetext.

“Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,”wroteCharlesDickensofthe18thcentury（35）.

b）Youmayquotejustawordorphraseaspartofyoursentences.

ForCharlesDickensthe18thcenturywasboth“thebestoftimes”and“theworstoftimes”（35）.

c）Youmayputaquotationatthebeginning,middle,orendofyoursentenceor,forthesakeofvarietyorbetterstyle,divideitbyyourownwords.

d）Ifaquotationrunstomorethanfourlinesinyourpaper,setitofffromyourtextbybeginninganewline,indentingoneinch（tenspacesintyping）.

AttheconclusionofLordoftheFlies,Ralphandtheotherboysrealizethehorroroftheiractions:

Thetearsbegantoflowandsobsshookhim.Hegavehimselfuptothemnowforthefirsttimeontheisland;great,shudderingspasmsofgriefthatseemedtowrenchhiswholebody.Hisvoiceroseundertheblacksmokebeforetheburningwreckageoftheisland;andinfectedbythatemotion,theotherlittleboysbegantoshakeandsobtoo.（186）

●Ifaquotationendingasentencerequiresaparentheticalreference,placethesentenceperiodafterthereference.

e）Ifyouneedtoquotetwoormoreparagraphs,indentthefirstlineofeachparagraphanadditionalquarterinch（threespacesintyping）.Ifthefirstsentencequoteddoesnotbeginaparagraphinthesource,donotindentittheadditionalamount.Indentonlythefirstlinesofthesuccessiveparagraphs’.

InMollFlandersDefoemaintainsthepseudo-autobiographicalnarrationtypicalofthepicaresquetradition:

Mytruenameissowellknownintherecords,orregisters,atNewgateandintheoldBailey,andtherearesomethingsofsuchconsequencestilldependingthererelatingtomyparticularconduct,thatitisnottobeexpectedIshouldsetmynameortheaccountofmyfamilytothiswork[…].

Itisenoughtotellyou,that[…]someofmyworstcomrades,whoareoutofthewayofdoingmeharm[…]knowmebythenameofMollFlanders[…].

（1）

2.Poetry

a）Ifyouquotepartorallofasinglelineofversethatdoesnotrequirespecialemphasis,putitinquotationmarkswithinyourtext.Youmayalsoincorporatetwoorthreelinesinthisway,usingaslashwithaspaceoneachsidetoseparatethem.

Bradstreetframesthepoemwithasenseofmortality:

“Allthingswithinthisfadingworldhathend”

（1）.

Reflectingonthe“incident”inBaltimore,Cullenconcludes,“Ofallthethingsthathappenedthere/That’sallthatIremember”（11-12）.

b）Versequotationsofmorethanthreelinesshouldbeginonanewline.Unlessthequotationinvolvesunusualspacing,indenteachlineoneinch（tenspacesonatypewriter）fromtheleftmargin,addingnoquotationmarksthatdonotappearintheoriginal.

ElizabethBishop’s“IntheWaitingRoom”isrichinevocativedetail:

Itwaswinter.Itgotdark

early.Thewaitingroom

wasfullofgrown-uppeople,

articlesandovercoats,

lampsandmagazines.（6-10）

3.Drama

a）Ifyouquotedialoguebetweentwoormorecharactersinaplay,setthequotationofffromyourtext.Begineachpartofthedialoguewiththeappropriatecharacter’snameindentedoneinch（ortenspacesifyouareusingatypewriter）fromtheleftmarginandwritteninallcapitalletters:

HAMLET.

MargueriteDuras’sscreenplayforHiroshimamonamoursuggestsattheoutsettheprofounddifferencebetweenobservationandexperience:

HE.YousawnothinginHiroshima.Nothing.

SHE.Isaweverything.Everything.[…]Thehospital,forinstance,Isawit.I’msureIdid.ThereisahospitalinHiroshima.HowcouldIhelpseeingit?

HE.YoudidnotseethehospitalinHiroshima.YousawnothinginHiroshima.（2505-06）

4.Ellipsis

a）Wheneveryouwishtoomitaword,aphrase,asentence,ormorefromaquotedpassage,youshouldbeguidedbytwoprinciples:

fairnesstotheauthorquotedandthegrammaticalintegrityofyourwriting.Ifyouquoteonlyawordoraphrase,itwillbeobviousthatyouleftoutsomeoftheoriginalsentence.

b）Ifanomittedquotationformsacompletesentence,useellipsisperiodsinsquarebracketstoshowthatit’snottheoriginal.

InsurveyingvariousresponsestoplaguesintheMiddleAges,BarbaraW.Tuchmanwrites,“Medicalthinking[…]stressedairasthecommunicatorofdisease,ignoringsanitationorvisiblecarriers”（101-02）.

5.OtherAlterationsofSources

a）Youmaydecidetoprovidesupplementaryinformationtomakeaquotationmoreunderstandableorclear.Putyourexplanationinparenthesisifitcomesafterthequotationorinsquarebracketsifitcomeswithinthequotation.

Lincolnspecificallyadvocatedagovernment“forthepeople”（emphasisadded）.

Milton’sSatanspeaksofhis“study[pursuit]ofrevenge.”

6.Translationofquotations

a）Ifnecessary,foryourquotationinlanguagesotherthanEnglishprovidetranslation,which,usuallyputbetweendoublequotationmarkswithinparenthesis,followsthequotationimmediately.

Chaucer’ssettingisApril,thetimeof“shouressoote”（“sweetshowers”;GP1）.

Chapter2Documentation:

CitingSourcesintheText

Forthesakeofintellectualpropertyprotection,thesourceofyourquotationmustbesuppliedinthelistofworkscitedattheendofyourresearchpaperandaswelltheauthor’slastnameandapagereferencewithinparenthesisusuallyfollowaquotationfortheacknowledgementofthecitation.

1.Theinformationinyourparentheticalreferencesinthetextmustmatchthecorrespondinginformationintheentriesinyourlistofworkscited.

2.Author’snamein/notintext

Tannenhasarguedthispoint（178-85）.

Thispointhasalreadybeenargued（Tannen178-85）.

3.Morethanoneauthorwiththesamesurname,addthefirstinitial;iftheinitialissharedtoo,thefullfirstname.

（A.Patterson183-85）,（L.Patterson230）;（AlicePatterson183-85）,（AlbertPatterson150-56）.

4.Ifaworkhastwoormoreauthors,givethefirstauthor’slastnamefollowedbyetal.,orallthelastnames.

（Rabkinetal.137）;（Rabkin,Greenberg,andOlander137）

5.Ifacorporateauthorbeginstheentry,wemayusetheauthor’snameinfulloritsshortenedformfollowedbyapagereference.

（PublicAgendaFoundation4）;（PAF.4）

6.Iftheworkislistedbytitle,usethetitleshortenedorinfull.

（TheBible15）

7.Ifthelistcontainsmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,addthecitedtitle,shortenedorinfull,aftertheauthor’slastname.

（Frye,Anatomy237）

8.Ifyoucitefrommorethanonevolumeofamultivolumework,givethevolumeaswellastheauthor’slastnameandpagenumber.

（Schlesinger,Vol.4,3978）

9.Youmayomitpagenumberswhencitingcompleteworks.

（Hardy）

10.Ifyoucitefromnon-printworkssuchasfilms,televisionprograms,recordingandelectronicsources,youcitethemintheirentiretyandoftenbytitle.

Infrescopainting,“thepigmentsarecompletelyfusedwithadampplastergroundtobecomeanintegralpartofthewallsurface”（“Fresco”）.（anessayonline）

WilliamJ.Mitchell’sCityofBitsdiscussesarchitectureandurbanlifeinthecontextofthedigitaltelecommunicationsrevolution.

11.Ifyoucitefromasecond-handsource,puttheabbreviation“qtd.in”beforetheindirectsourceinyourparentheticalreference.

（qtd.inBoswell450）

Chapter3Documentation:

PreparingtheListofWorksCited

Thelistofworkscitedappearsattheendofthepaper.Beginthelistonanewpageandnumbereachpage,continuingthepagenumbersofthetext.Centerthetitle—WorksCited,aninchfromthetopofthepage.Double–spacebetweenthetitleandthefirstentry.Begineachentryflushwiththeleftmargin;ifanentryrunsmorethanline,indentthesubsequentlineorlinesfivespacesfromtheleftmargin.

Ingeneralalphabetizeentriesinthelistofworkscitedbytheauthor’slastname,usingtheletter-by-lettersystem.Iftheauthor’snameisunknown,alphabetizebythetitle,ignoringanyA,AnorThe.

1.ABookbyaSingleAuthor

Wilson,FrankR.TheHand:

HowItsUseShapestheBrain,Language,andHumanCulture.NewYork:

Parthenon,1998.

2.AnAnthologyoraCompilation

Feldman,PaulaR.,ed.BritishWomenPoetsoftheRomanticEra.Baltimore:

JohnHopkinsUP,1997.

Lopate,Phillip,ed.TheArtofthePersonalEssay:

AnAnthologyfromtheClassicalEratothePresent.NewYork:

Anchor-Doubleday,1994.

3.TwoorMoreBooksbytheSameAuthor

Borroff,Marrie.LanguageandthePast:

VerbalArtistryinFrost,Stevens,andMoore.Chicago:

UofChicagoP,1979.

---,trans.SirGawinandtheGreenKnight.NewYork:

Norton,1967.

---,ed.WallaceStevens:

aCollectionofCriticalEssays.EnglewoodCliffs:

Prentice,1963.

Frye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:

FourEssays.Princeton:

PrincetonUP,1957.

---,ed.DesignforLearning:

ReportsSubmittedtotheJointCommitteeoftheTorontoBoardofEducationandtheUniversityofToronto.Toronto:

UofTorontoP,1962.

---.TheDoubleVision;LanguageandMeaninginReligion.Toronto:

UofTorontoP,1991.

4.ABookbyTwoorMoreAuthors

Reverseonlythenameofthefirstauthor,addacomma,givetheothernamesinnormalformandplaceaperiodafterthelastname;oryoumaynameonlythe