配送与运输策划外文翻译.docx
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配送与运输策划外文翻译.docx
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配送与运输策划外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
DistributionandTransportPlanning
MaterialSource:
BernhardFleischmann
UniversityofAugsburg,DepartmentofProductionandLogistics,
Universitatsstrabe16,86135Augsburg,Germany
PlanningSituations
TransportSystems
Transportprocessesareessentialpartsofthesupplychain.Theyperformtheflowofmaterialsthatconnectsanenterprisewithitssuppliersandwithitscustomers.Theintegratedviewoftransport,productionandinventoryholdingprocessesischaracteristicofthemodernSCMconcept.
Theappropriatestructureofatransportsystemmainlydependsonthesizeofthesingleshipments:
Largeshipmentscangodirectlyfromthesourcetothedestinationinfulltransportunits,e.g.trucksorcontainers.Smallshipmentshavetobeconsolidatedinatransportnetwork,whereasingleshipmentistransshippedonceorseveraltimesandthetransportisbrokenattransshipmentpoints(TPs).Aparticularlyeffectiveconsolidationofsmallshipmentsisachievedbyalogisticsserviceprovider(LSP),whocancombinethetransportsfrommanysenders.
Theconsolidationoftransportflowsdecreasesthetransportcost.Asthecostofasingletripofacertainvehicleonacertainrouteisnearlyindependentoftheload,ahighutilizationoftheloadingcapacityisadvantageous.Moreover,therelativecostperloadingcapacitydecreaseswithincreasingsizeofthevehicles.Butevenwithastrongconsolidationofshipmentstofullloads,e.g.byanLSP,thesmallershipmentscauserelativelyhighercost,becausetheconsolidationrequiresdetourstodifferentloadingplaces,additionalstopsandtransshipment(seeFleischmann(1998,pp.65)).
Thefollowingtransportprocessesoccurinasupplychain:
•Thesupplyofmaterialsfromexternalsuppliersorfromanownremotefactorytoaproductionsite.Bothcasesareidenticalfromtheviewpointoflogistics.
•Thedistributionofproductsfromafactorytothecustomers.Thedistributionsystemdependsonthetypeofproducts:
–Investmentgoods,e.g.machinesorequipmentforindustrialcustomers,areshippedonlyonceorseldomonacertaintransportlink.
–Materialsforproductionarealsoshippedtoindustrialcustomers,butregularlyandfrequentlyonthesamepath.
–Consumergoodsareshippedtowholesalersorretailers,ofteninverysmallordersizes(withanaveragebelow100kginsomebusinesses),
requiringaconsolidationofthetransports.
Notethatthetransportofmaterialsfromfactorytofactoryispartofthedistributionfunctionofthesupplieraswellaspartoftheprocurementfunctionofthereceiver.Transportplanningisusuallytheresponsibilityofthesupplier.Butthereareimportantexceptions,e.g.intheautomotiveindustry,wherethemanufacturercontrolsthetransportsfromhissuppliers.Inthiscase,transportplanningoccursontheprocurementsideaswell.
AnLSPmayconsolidatethetransportflowsofseveral”shippers”,operatinginseparatesupplychains,inhisownnetwork.Thenheisresponsibleforplanninghowthetransportsareexecuted,i.e.bywhichvehiclesalongwhichroutes.However,thedecisionsonthetransportorders,i.e.thequantity,sourceanddestinationofeveryshipment,remainataskoftheAPSoftheshipper.Usually,itisnotpracticabletoincludetheflowsofallothershippersofanLSPintotheAPS.However,theadditionalflowshaveanimpactonthetransportcostandshouldbetakenintoaccountimplicitlybyappropriatetransportcostfunctions.
DistributionSystems
Atypicaldistributionsystemofaconsumergoodsmanufacturercomprisestheflowofmanyproductsfromseveralfactoriestoalargenumberofcustomers.ProductsmadetostockareoftenshippedfirsttocentralDCsonforecast.Thedeliveriesofthecustomerordersmaythenusethefollowingdistributionpaths:
ShipmentsmaygodirectlyfromthefactoryorfromaDCtothecustomer,withasingleorder.Thissimplestformofdistributionisonlyefficientforlargeordersusingupthevehicle.SmallerorderscanbeshippedjointlyintoursstartingfromthefactoryorDCandcallingatseveralcustomers.AstrongerbundlingofsmallshipmentsisachievedbyajointtransportfromtheDCtoaTPanddeliveryinshortdistancetoursfromthere.Figure12.1illustratesthedifferentdistributionpaths.
Thetransportofmaterialsforproduction,asfarascontrolledbythesupplier,ismostlydoneindirectshipments.Arecentconceptforthesupplyofstandardmaterialsisthevendormanagedinventory(VMI),wherethesupplierdecidesontimeandquantityoftheshipmentstothecustomerbuthastokeepthestockinthecustomer’swarehousebetweenagreedminimumandmaximumlevels.Inthiscase,thecustomer’swarehousehasthesamefunctionasaDC,sothattheplanningofVMIsupplyissimilartotheDCreplenishment.
ProcurementLogisticsSystems
Ifamanufacturercontrolsthetransportsofmaterialsfromhissuppliers,hecanusevariouslogisticsconcepts,whichdifferinthestructureofthetransportationnetworkandinthefrequencyoftheshipments.Theymayoccurinparallelfordifferentclassesofmaterialsforthesamereceivingfactory.
Cyclicalprocurementinintervalsofafewdaysuptoweekspermitstobundlethetransportflowintolargershipments,butgeneratescyclestockatthereceivingfactory.JITprocurementwithatleastdailyshipmentsavoidstheinboundmaterialpassingthroughthewarehouse.Instead,itcanbeputonabufferareaforashorttime.Ifthearrivalsareevensynchronizedwiththeproductionsequence,thematerialcanbeputimmediatelytotheproductionlinewhereitisconsumed.Thelattercaseiscalledsynchronizedprocurementinthefollowing.
Thefollowingtransportconceptsexistforprocurement:
•Directtransportsfromthesupplieraresuitableforcyclicalsupplyand,ifthedemandissufficientlylarge,alsofordailysupply.Onlyifthedistanceisveryshort,directtransportsmaybeusedforsynchronizedprocurement.
•AregionalLSPcollectsthematerialsintoursfromallsuppliersinhisdefinedarea,consolidatesthemataTPandshipstheminfulltruckstothereceivingfactory.Thisconceptpermitsfrequentsupply,uptodaily,evenfromremotesupplierswithlowvolume.Thetrunkhaulagecanalsobecarriedoutbyrail,iftherearesuitableconnections.
•AnLSPwarehouseclosetothereceivingfactorysuitsforsynchronizedprocurement:
TheLSPisresponsibleforsatisfyingtheshort-termcallsfromthereceiverbysynchronizedshipments.Thesuppliershavetokeepthestockinthewarehousebetweenagreedminimumandmaximumlevelsbyappropriateshipments,likeintheVMIconcept.
Models
TransportandInventory
Transportplanninghasastrongimpactontheinventoryinthesupplychain.Itdirectlycreatestransportlot-sizingstockandtransitstock(seeSect.2.4)andinfluencesthenecessarysafetystock.Thelot-sizingstockresultsfromthedecisiononthetransportfrequencies.Unfortunately,thepresentAPSdonot(yet)supporttheoptimizationofmid-termtransportplanningwithregardtoinventory.Nevertheless,thissectionpresentssomegenericplanningmodels,sincetheresultingfrequenciesandinventoriesarealsoimportantdataforotherAPSmodules.Whensettingthesedata,thefollowingrelationshipsshouldbetakenintoaccount.AreviewofcombinedtransportationandinventoryplanningisgivenbyBertazziandSperanza(1999).
TransportationandSafetyStocks
Inadistributionsystemforproductsmadetostock,thesafetystocksthatarenecessaryforguaranteeingacertainservicelevel,dependonthestrategyofthetransportsbetweenthefactoryandtheDCs(seeSilveretal.(1998,Chap.12.4)):
InastrongpushsystemanyproductionlotisdistributedimmediatelytotheDCs.Amodificationconsistsinretainingsomecentralsafetystockatthefactorywarehousewhichisdistributedincaseofimminentstock-outatsomeDC.Inapullsystem,transportsaretriggeredbythelocalstockateveryDC,whenitreachesadefinedreorderpoint.Inapushsystem,globalinformationonthedemandandstocksituationateveryDCisrequiredforthecentralcontrol.Butalsoinapullsystem,globalinformationcanimprovethecentralallocationofstockincaseofabottleneck.InanAPS,suchglobalinformationshouldbeavailableforthewholesupplychain.
Thepushsystemcorrespondstothecaseofsynchronizedproductionanddistributionandthusrequireslesscyclestock,butingeneralhighertotalsafetystockormorecross-shipmentsbetweentheDCs.ThelocalsafetystockataDChastocoverthelocaldemanduncertaintyduringthetransportleadtime,thetotalsystemsafetystockhastocoverthetotaldemanduncertaintyduringtheproductionlead-timeandcycletime.Inaconsumergoodsdistributionsystem,thetransportcycletimeisusuallyveryshort,asaDCisusuallyreplenisheddaily,buttheproductioncycletimemaylastweekstomonths,ifmanyproductsshareaproductionline.Therefore,thesystemsafetystockcalculationshouldbebasedonaperiodicreviewmodelwiththereviewperiodequaltotheproductioncycle.
Deployment
Thegeneraltaskofdeploymentistomatchtheshort-termdemandwiththeavailableandexpectedstockforthenextdayorfewdays.Asthesourcelocations(factories,suppliers),wherestockisavailable,areingeneraldifferentfromthedemandlocations(DCs,customers),ithastobedecidedhowmuchtoshipfromwhichsourcelocationtowhichdemandlocation.
DeliveringKnownCustomerOrders
Inamake-to-ordersituation,thecompletionoftheordersinduetimeistheresponsibilityofproductionplanningandscheduling.Deploymentcanonlydealwithcompletedordersreadyfordelivery,andtheshipmentsizeisfixedby
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