果树嫁接技术方法.docx
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果树嫁接技术方法.docx
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果树嫁接技术方法
果树嫁接技术方法
1、选择适应当地生产条件,具备早实、丰产、优质引入嫁接代数少,生产健壮的母树,选取生长充实的一年生外围粗壮发育枝或结果枝,在落叶到萌芽前的整个休眠期进行采集,一般结合修剪进行采集,随剪随采,按品种50或100条为一捆,并挂上标签。
2、常规贮藏办法是穗条采回整理后,要及时放在低温保湿的深窖或山洞内贮藏,温度要求低于4?
C,湿度达90%以上,在窖内贮藏时,应将穗条下半部埋在湿沙中,上半截露在外面,捆与捆之间用湿沙隔离,窖口要盖严,保持窖内冷凉,这样可贮至5月下旬到6月上旬,在贮藏期间要经常检查沙子的温度和窖内的湿度,防止穗条发热霉烂或失水风干。
若无地窖也可在土壤结冻前在冷凉高燥背阴处挖贮藏沟,沟深80cm,宽100cm,长度依穗条多少而定。
入沟前先在沟内铺2-3cm的干净河沙(含水量不超过10%),穗条倾斜摆放沟内,充填河沙至全部埋没,沟面上盖防雨材料。
也可将整理好的穗条放入塑料袋中,填入少量锯末、河沙等保湿物,扎紧袋口,置于冷库中贮藏,温度保持3-5?
Co其优点是省工、省力,缺点是接穗易失水,影响成活率,所以现在推广使用蜡封接穗。
3、蜡封接穗:
其LI的是:
使接穗减少水分的蒸发,保证接穗从嫁接到成活一段时间的生命力。
其方法是接穗釆集后,按嫁接时所需的长度进行剪截,一般接穗枝段长度为10-15厘米,保留3个芽以上,顶端具饱满芽,枝条过粗的应稍长些,细的不宜过长。
剪穗时应注意剔除有损伤、腐烂、失水及发育不充实的枝条,并且对结果枝应剪除果痕。
封蜡时先将工业石蜡放在较深的容器内加热融化,待蜡温95?
C-102?
C时,将剪好的接穗枝段一头迅速在蜡液中蘸一下(时间在1秒以内,一般为0.1秒),再换另一头速籠。
要求接穗上不留未蘸蜡的空间,中间部位的蜡层可稍有重叠。
注意蜡温不要过低或过高,过低则蜡层厚,易脱落,过高则易烫伤接穗。
蜡封接穗要完全凉透后再收集贮存,可放在地窖、山洞中,要保持窖内温度及湿度。
二、嫁接方式
1-3年生幼树嫁接,一般采用苗木嫁接法,嫁接苗开始结果早,能保持品种的优良性状。
3-5年生以上、树冠较大、分枝级次较多的砧木,一般采用多头高接即根据原树冠骨架的枝类分布情况,在较高的部位嫁接较多的枝头,尽可能少的缩小树冠。
其特点是:
1、可充分利用原有树冠骨架,接头多、树冠恢复快,能保持树体上下平衡。
2、伤口较小,愈合容易,嫁接方法因部位不同而多种多样。
3、可充分利用树冠内膛,插枝补空,增加结果部位。
4、嫁接后结果早、产量高,一般嫁接后第二年可恢复甚至超过原树产量,第三年可恢复树冠,获得高产。
对于较大的树,嫁接部位要按照主枝长、侧枝短、主从关系明显的原则,在骨干枝上尽可能多接头,光秃带用腹接补空;除主侧枝头外,其它枝的嫁接部位截留枝段长度一般距其母枝15-20cm左右,粗枝稍长,细枝稍短;接口直径一般应选在3-5cm处,树龄较大的最粗andduediligenceevaluationsarticle22ndheadoffice,branch(jurisdiction),riskmanagement,marketingmanagementbranchwithintheDepartment'screditbusinesspersonassumedresponsibilityforthesupervisionandinspectionandduediligenceevaluations・Article23rd,HeadOffice,branches(jurisdiction),riskmanagement,MarketingManagementDepartmentthroughon-siteandoff-siteinspection,investigationreport,interviewswithinvestigatorsforpreloaninvestigationworkbywayofconductingsupervisionandinspection,qualityevaluationpre-loaninvestigationwork,andbasedontheevaluationresults,theimplementationofdiversitymanagement・24ththecontrolandinspection(a)theimplementationofthecreditsystem:
thereisnobreachofcreditpolicyrelatingtothegrantingofcreditandtheheadoffice;(B)dualcreditrating:
timelinessofratings,whethertheprovisionsoftherating,ratingresultsareaccurate;(C)thesurveycontents:
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不宜超过8cm。
三、嫁接时期
一般在砧木芽萌动前或开始萌动而未展叶时进行,过早则伤口愈合慢且易遭不良气候或病虫损害,过晚则易引起树势衰弱,其至到冬季死亡。
实践中,春季嫁接在萌芽前10天到萌芽期最为适宜,同时在气温较高、晴朗的天气嫁接成活较好。
四、嫁接方法
嫁接方法很多,依接穗利用情况,分芽接和枝接;根据嫁接部位不同,分根
接、根茎接、二重接、腹接、高接;从接口形式分,有劈接、切接、插皮接、嵌芽接、舌接、靠接等,但基本的嫁接方法是芽接和枝接。
下图是果树上最常用的插皮接和T字形芽接图解请参考:
塚
枝檢TS皮决勞接T亨形芽怨
说珮I三不接.腳不雨天不减刮大风不规不适时不按;
2槁皮接接勇削面长不少于2厘米,砧木1[徨1屈米以上・砧木翔的
可接台接穗.幡関鯛别适合大树高接换头,一次可検多头.很快恢躺冠和产鳖
窃尖$
果树的嫁接时间
果树嫁接的季节是开春前还是开春后进行更好,一般每个品种嫁接的时间都是一样的吗,[比如藤科的和其他的。
葡萄的要比其他的提前吗,]
枝接法:
三月下旬至四月上旬;芽接法六月下旬至九月上旬;靠接法:
中春;平接法:
初春。
葡萄的时间也一样。
andduediligenceevaluationsarticle22ndheadoffice,branch
(jurisdiction),riskmanagement,marketingmanagementbranchwithintheDepartment1screditbusinesspersonassumedresponsibilityforthesupervisionandinspectionandduediligenceevaluations・Article23rd,HeadOffice,branches(jurisdiction),riskmanagement,MarketingManagementDepartmentthroughon-siteandoff-siteinspection,investigationreport,interviewswithinvestigatorsforpre-loaninvestigationworkbywayofconductingsupervisionandinspection,qualityevaluationpre-loaninvestigationwork,andbasedontheevaluationresults,theimplementationofdiversitymanagement・24ththecontrolandinspection(a)theimplementationofthecreditsystem:
thereisnobreachofcreditpolicyrelatingtothegrantingofcreditandtheheadoffice;(B)dualcreditrating:
timelinessofratings,whethertheprovisionsoftherating,ratingresultsareaccurate;(C)thesurveycontents:
datacollectioniscomplete,reportwritingiscomprehensive,indicatorsanalysisisobjective,real,conclusionsandthefactsareconsistentandreasonable;(D)doubleimplementationofinvestigationssystem:
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六.A
图“17-r•字殖芽接
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