专题06高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版.docx
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专题06高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版.docx
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专题06高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版
科普环保类
2021高考英语真题分类拔高练习06
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
D
Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.
Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyuseevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.
Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."TheLiving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekid'sroom,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices-wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTV'swithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.
Sowhat'sthesolution(解决方案)?
Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontablesinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.
(1)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?
A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.
B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.
C.Theycostmoretouseathome.
D.Theygooutofstylequickly.
(2)WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?
A.Toreducethecostofminerals.
B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.
C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.
D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.
(3)Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?
A.Thebox-setTV.
B.Thetablet.
C.TheLCDTV.
D.Thedesktopcomputer.
(4)Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?
A.Stopusingthem.
B.Takethemapart.
C.Upgradethem.
D.Recyclethem.
【答案】
(1)A
(2)D(3)B(4)A
【解析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。
我们可能认为我们一见钟情闪亮的新东西,但一项新的研究表明,我们继续使用旧设备(装置)。
这对环境和我们的钱包来说都是坏消息,因为这些过时的设备比能做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能量。
⑴A 推理判断。
根据第1段最后一句…astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量,因而判断新装置消耗的能量少,所以环保。
故答案为A。
⑵D 细节理解。
根据第2段第一句Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,…故选D,为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。
⑶B 细节理解。
由整个文章的最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知在tablets(平板电脑)而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。
故平板电脑使用最少的能源,选B。
⑷A 细节理解题。
根据最后一段第二句…buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronics…及最后一句Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscutenergyconsumptionby44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品,结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。
故选A。
2.(2017·北京)阅读理解D
Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway:
“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.
(1)Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay .
A.runoutofhumancontrol
B.satisfyhuman'srealdesires
C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots
D.workfasterthanamathematician
(2)Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto .
A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed
B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently
C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders
D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches
(3)Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto .
A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter
B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings
C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed
D.avoidrobots'affectingtheworld
(4)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?
A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.
B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.
C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.
D.Itwillstayforadecade.
【答案】
(1)A
(2)A(3)D(4)C
【解析】本文属于议论文阅读,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了人工智能可能会脱离人的控制,我们必须解决超级智能机器的安全问题。
1)A.推理判断题.根据第一段Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant可知人工智能可能会脱离人的控制;故选A.
2)A.细节理解题.根据第二段Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence可知有特定用途的机器与生物有联系,部分原因是它们可能能防止自身被破坏;故选A.
3)D.细节理解题.根据第三段Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld可知根据一些研究人员的说法,我们可以使用防火墙来避免机器人影响世界;故选D.
4)C.推理判断题.根据最后一段SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines可知作者认为超级智能机器的安全问题会被解决尽管会十分艰难;故选C.
3.(2017·江苏)阅读理解B
Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教),birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:
OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化)。
New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.
Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs,Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!
”call.
Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching,Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.
Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheir
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