职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc.docx
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职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc.docx
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职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc
2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类B级)
CanyouhearThis?
Whensomethingcreatesasoundwaveinaroomoranauditorium(礼堂),listenershearthesoundwavedirectlyfromthesource.Theyalsohearthereflectionsasthesoundbouncesoffthewalls,floor,andceiling.Thesearecalled
thereflectedwaveorreverberant(反射的)sound,whichcanbeheardevenafterthesoundisnolongercomingfromthesource.
Thereverberationtimeofanauditoriumisdeterminedbythevolumeorinteriorsizeoftheauditorium.Itisalsodeterminedbyhowwellorhowpoorlythewalls,ceiling,floor,andcontentsoftheroom(includingthepeople)absorbsound.Thereisnoidealreverberationtime.Thefull-soundperformanceofmusicsuchasWagneroperasorMahlersymphoniesshouldhavealongreverberationtime.The
light,rapidmusicalpassagesofBachorMozartneedareverberationtimesomewherebetween.
Acousticproblemsoftenarecausedbypoorauditorium
design.Smooth,curved(弯曲的)reflectingsurfacescreate
largereflections.Parallel(平行的)wallsreflectsoundback
andforth,creatingarapid,repetitivepulsing(有节奏的跳
动)effect.Largepillars(柱)andcornerscancauseacousticshadowsasthesoundwavestrytopassaroundtheobject.
Someoftheseproblemscanbesolvedbyusingabsorbersandrelectorstochangethereverberationtimeofaroom.Forexample,hanginglargereflectors,calledclouds,overtheperformerswillallowsomesoundfrequenciestoreflectandotherstopassyoachieveapleasingmixtureofsound.
1.ThisPassageismainlyabout
Asoundwavesandtheiracousticeffect.
Bthetypesofmusicorchestrasplay
Cwallsofanauditorium
Dthedesignofanauditorium
2.WagneroperasandMahlersymphoniessoundfullerinanauditoriumwith
~2/3~
Aashortreverberationtime
Balongreverberationtime
Canintermediatereverberationtime
Dnoreverberationtime
3.Thispassagesuggeststhatagoodauditoriumshould
Aachieveapleasingmixtureofsound
Bgetridofallreflections
Cnothaveabsorbers.
Dhavesmoothsurfaces
4.Largepillarsandcornersmay
Amakesoundrichandfull
Bbecuresforsoundproblems
Cbesourcesofsoundproblems
Dfunctionaswellasclouds
5.Theword“acoustic“inthelastparagraphhassomethingtodowith
AperformanceBMusic
CsoundDnoise
SmartWindow
Windowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricity
useforlighting,butthelightcomingthroughthewindow
alsoprovidesheat.However,windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.
“Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindow
reallyis,”saysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid
statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3.“It’s
contactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisual
contactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.”So,
-
windowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.
Yet,windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenit
comestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewinter,cold
airleaksin.Whenit’shotandsunny,sunlightstreams
in.Allofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.And
allofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirair
conditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair,whichcanfeelso
refreshing,actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.
Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchfora
longtime.Overtheyears,scientistshavecomeupwitha
varietyofstrategiesforcoating,glazing,andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.
Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochange
color.Forexample,asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayers
ofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlike
abattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeis
appliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremoved,thatis,when
theamountofvoltageisdecreased,thewindowdarkensuntil
it’scompletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.
Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmart
isthatithasasortof“memory.”Allittakesisasmall
joltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Then,itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutes,dependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthat
massiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.“Inthe
future,”Granqvistsays,“ourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.”
练习:
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotindicatetheimportanceofwindowsasdescribedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?
AWindowscanchangefromcleartodarktosaveenergy.
BWindowshelptosaveenergybylettinglightin.
CWindowshelptosaveenergybyprovidingheat.
DWindowsenablepeopletohavecontactwiththeoutsideworld.
2.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding?
AInthecoldwinter.
BInthehotsummer.
CWhenairconditionersareturnedon.
DBothAandB.
3.Whataresmartwindows,accordingtoParagraph4?
AWindowsthatarecoated.
BWindowsthatareglazed.
CWindowsthecolorofwhichcanbechanged.DWindowsthathavemanylayers.
4.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolorappliedtothewindowglass?
AElectricity.
,whatis
BTungstenoxide.
CAbattery.
DAvoltage.
5.Whatwillhethebenefitiftheresearchonsmart
windowsturnsouttobesuccessful,accordingtothelastparagraph?
AThebuildingswilllookdifferent.
BWindowscanbeaslargeasyouwant.
CWemaynotneedairconditionersanymore.
DTheyarelessexpensivethantraditionalwindows.
词汇:
flipn.&v.用手指轻弹,轻击
tungstenoxide氧化钨
airconditioner空调(器)
joltn.&v.震摇,颠簸,晃动
refreshingadj.使人清爽的
electrochromicadj.电致变色的
glazev.装玻璃,用玻璃覆盖
voltagen.电压
chromogenicadj.发色的
airconditioning空调,空调系统
注释:
1.cuttingedge:
本意为“(刀片的)刃口,刀刃”;比喻意为“最先进的,科技含量的”。
2.anywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch:
就在开或关
的一霎那。
3.UppsalaUniversityinSweden:
瑞典的普拉大学。
普
拉是瑞典部一座城市,位于斯德哥摩的西北方向。
答案与解:
1.A第一段告我窗因阳光入房,并且房提供源,所以了能源。
第二段,窗使人能接触外部世界。
所
以B、C和D都明了窗的重要性。
第一段最后一句,研究者正在
能窗亮度,但并没有已成功,所以A是的法,是准确。
2.D短文第三段的第一句:
windowsaretheweaklinkinabuilding,接下来是句分寒冬和炎夏做了明。
所以D是准确。
3.C第四段告我,多年来,科学家已研究出多种通窗
能的法,而smartwindows使用的技使窗能色。
所以是准确。
C
4.B第五段第二句提供了答案。
asheetofglasscoatedwith
thinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxide是“涂上一薄薄的⋯⋯”的意思。
coated
中的
5.C短文最后一段的第五句提供了答案。
理工B完形填空
WarmerClimateWillBakeTropicalBugs
Globalwarmingcouldcooktropicalinsects,withunpredictableknock-oneffects,sayresearcherswhowarnthatrisingtemperaturesalso
(51)tropicalfrogs,lizards(蜥蜴).
Temperaturesare(52)toincreasemuchfasterin
temperateandpolarregionsthaninthetropics.Butno-onehadlookedathowwarmingwouldaffectinsectsandothercold-bloodedanimals(53)hadevolvedintropicalregionswithlittletemperaturevariation.
CurtisDeutschattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesandcolleaguesanalyseddata(54)insectsurvivalandreproductionfor38speciesindifferentecosystems,andthenestimatedhowthesevalueswould(55)withpredictionsofclimatechangeforthe21stcentury.
Theteamfoundthatthereproductive(56)oftropicalinsectstendstopeakveryclosetothetemperatureswheretheynormallylive,but(57)sharplyathighertemperatures.Thismeansthatcrankinguptheheatonlyasmallamountcanexertaheavytoll,leavinginsectsunabletoreproduce(58)enoughtokeepuptheirnumbers.
Temperaturetolerance
Temperateinsectsreproducewelloverabroaderrange,anddonotliveas(59)totheirthermallimit,sotheycanreproducesuccessfullywhentheirclimatewarmsmorethaninthetropics.
“Tropicalinsectsdoverywellinanarrowbandoftemperatures,butmovethemabovethat(60)andtheydie,saysteammemberJoshTewksburyoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.
”
Theheartofthe(61)istemperaturetolerance.emperate-zoneinsectshaveevolvedtosurvivethemuchbroadertemperatureswingsofseasonalclimates,thanhavetheirtropicalrelatives.
The(62)appearsworseforanimalsthatliveinhotstableclimateofthelowerlevelsoftropicalforests.
Lizardsinclearareascanfindshadetocooldown,butthose
livingintheforestarealreadyinthe(63),andthere’snotmuchtheycandotogetcooler,Deutschsays.
Toofewtropicalinsectshavebeenstudiedsofarto(64)ifanyparticulargroupwillbeparticularlyhard-hit,saysTewksbury.Insectsplayimportant(65)inforestecology,includingpollination,andeatingdetritustorecyclecarbon.
Theteamarenowstartingtoevaluatehowtemperatureaffectsecologicalinteractionsofinsectswithotherspecies,includingcropssuchasAfricancorn.
Journalreference:
ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademy
ofSciences(DOI:
10.1073/pnas.0709472105)
ClimateChange–Wanttoknowmoreaboutglobalwarmingthescience,impactsandpoliticaldebate?
Visitourcontinuallyupdatedspecialreport.
:
Endangeredspecies–Learnmoreabouttheconservationbattleinourcomprehensivespecialreport.
参考答案:
51.threaten52.ex
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