新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解.docx

新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解.docx

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新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解

新视野三版读写B2U5TextA

Spendorsave—Thestudent'sdilemma

1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,"Should

IspendorshouldIsave"Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromour

environmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.The

governmenttelsustospendorwe'lnevergetoutoftherecession.Atthe

sametime,theytelusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryis

ingraveofferhigherinterestratessoweincrease

savings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspend

more.

2Here'sanotherfamiliarexample:

Ifwedon'tpayourcreditcardbilontime,

wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysaying

somethinglike:

"Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou'l

beintrouble!

"Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafolow-upemailina

charmingtonetelingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingus

toresumespending.Whichdepictioniscorrect:

afailingconsumerintrouble

oravaluedcustomerThegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.

3Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswith

eachother.Oneisthe"permissive"perspective,"Buy,spend,getitnow.You

needthis!

"Theotherwecouldcalan"upright"message,whichurgesus,

"Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Control

yourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed."Thismessagecomestousfrom

manysources:

fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferring

to"traditionalvalues".Hardwork,familyloyalty,andthecapacitytopostpone

desiresarecoreAmericanvaluesthathavemadeourcountrygreat.

*4Buttheoppositemessage,advertising'spermissivemessage,is

inescapable.Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewe

look:

onTV,inmoviesonprintedmediaandroadsigns,instores,andon

buses,trainsandinvadeourdailylives.Weare

constantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.Someone

recentlysaid,"Theonlytimeyoucanescapeadvertisingiswhenyou'reinyour

bedasleep!

"

5It'sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwilhave

seen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemilion.Each

advertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,

fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewiluseforour

vacation.Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!

Now,ofcourse,we

don'trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessage

iscementedintoourconsciousness,"It'sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.You

shouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit—

now!

"Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,"Iloveme.I'magoodfriendto

myself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsand

feelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI'lbuy

newskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI've

alwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow."

6

What

happens

as

we

take

in

these

contradictory

butexplicitmessagesWhatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequences

ofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabitsOnonehand,wewantmore

thingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderive

pleasurefromtreatingourselves.Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinside

usechoesthoseuprightmessages:

"Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don'tlet

yourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don'tfalintodebt.

Wait!

Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwilmakeyoustronger."

7Anyway,manyoftheskilsyouneedasasuccessfulstudentcanbeapplied

toyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwel-beingsakeyingredientofyour

universityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfuland

distracting.Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocuson

yourprimeobjective:

successfulycompletingyoureducation.

*8HowcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumerManyschools,

communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracy

classes.Considerconsultingwithyourschool'sfinancialaidofficeor

seekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupa

budget.Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackand

findpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.Most

importantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don'tlet

youregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeit

spinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.

9Althiswilhelpyoubecomeaneducatedconsumerandsaver.Asyoulearn

tobalancespendingandsaving,youwilbecomethecaptainofyourownship,

steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthrough

thechoppywaters.

LanguagePoints：

1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,“ShouldI

spendorshouldIsave”（Para.1）

Meaning:

Whenaskingyourselfwhetheryoushouldspendorsave,doyoufeelpuzzled

andcontroledasIdo

Meaningbeyondwords:

Accordingtotheconventionalconcept,wearethemasteror

thebossofthemoneywehaveearned

.Itisuptoustodecidehowtouseourmoney.However,thesentencegivesusthehint

thatweareactualynolongerincontrolofourmoney.

2Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommon

senseandcontradicteachother.（Para.1）

Meaning:

Inmyopinion,themessageswegetinourdailylifeaboutthequestion“Should

IspendorshouldIsave”areagainstcommonsenseandtheyoftendon’tagreewith

eachother.

Usagenote:

defy,deny

defy和deny都是及物动词，词形相近，但实际上两者词义有别，用法也不同。

1defy主要表示“违抗；反抗；蔑视”，后接名词；而deny主要表示“否认；拒绝承认”，后接

名词或that引导的从句。

*Nearly11thousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading.近一

万一千人因违抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。

Thegovernmenthasdeniedthattheauthoritieshaveuncoveredaplottoassassinatethe

*president.政府已否认当局发现了一个暗杀总统的阴谋。

2defy后接动词不定式表示“挑战；刺激某人做某事”时，不能用动名词形式；deny表示“否

认；拒绝承认”时，后面不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式。

*Idefyyoutocomeupwithonemajoraccomplishmentofthecurrentprimeminister.我倒

要看看你能否讲出一项现任首相作出的重大成就。

Hedenieddoinganythingilegal.他否认做过任何违法的事。

3Thegovernmenttellsustospendorwe’llnevergetoutoftherecession.（Para.1）

Meaningbeyondwords:

Tohelpthecountryrecoverfromtheeconomicrecession,the

governmentisencouragingpeopletospend,whichwillhelpstimulateproduction,job

marketsandbankliquidity.

4Atthesametime,theytellusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingrave

danger.

Meaning:

Meanwhile,theywarnusthatifwedon’tsavemoremoneytheeconomic

recessionwilgrowandseverelyharmourcountry.

Usagenote:

unless

1unless作连词，表示“除非…；如果不…”，引导条件状语从句，意为“如果某个条件不出

现，某件事就不会进行”。

使用unless时必须留意从句中动词的时态。

虽然unless所说的

条件都是未出现或未发生的，但必须用一般现在时或过去时，不能用表示将来的时态。

例如：

*IwillnotgotoBeijingunlessthecompanypaysforthetrip.如果公司不支付旅费，我不会

去北京。

（不能用wilpay）

Shewouldn’tdothatunlessIallowedher.如果我不允许，她不会去做那件事。

（不能用

wouldallow）

*Shewilkeeponsingingunlesssheistoldtostop.她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。

（不能用wilbetold）

Shewouldnotcometoworkasbeforeunlesshermother’shealthconditionturnedforthe

*better.她不会像以前那样来上班了，除非她母亲的病情好转。

（不能用wouldturn）

2unless和if…not都可以引导条件状语从句，但适用情况不同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。

指将来可能发生或可能真实的情况用unless；如果知道事情没有发生或不真实则用if…not。

可以说Ifyouweren’talwaysinsuchahurry,yourworkwouldbemuchbetter。

不说Your

workwouldbemuchbetterunlessyouwerealwaysinsuchahurry。

见更多例句：

Unlesstheygetprotection,theywillnottestify.（=Iftheydonotgetprotection,theywillnot

*testify.）如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。

*Iwouldgooutifitwasn’training.（=Butitisraining,soIamnotgoingout.）要是不下雨，

我就出去了。

5Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebanks

senduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.（Para.1）

Meaningbeyondwords:

Hereisthe“spendorsave”paradox.Ononehand,the

governmenttellsustospend,and,ontheotherhand,theywantustosavemore.While

thebanksofferhighinterestratestoattractustodepositmoney,theysenduscreditcards

toencourageustospend.

6Here’sanotherfamiliarexample:

Ifwedon’tpayourcreditcardbillontime,we

getdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:

“Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou’llbeintrouble!

”（Para.

2）

Meaning:

Ifwefailtopayourcreditcardbilontime,thecreditcardcompanywillsendus

harshandunfriendlyemailmessagestowarnusthateitherwepayatonceorwe’lget

penalties.

Sentencestructurenote:

祈使句+or/and+陈述句

1“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构表示“…否则…”，其中，or还可以换成and，表达的意思发生相

应的变化，表示“如果…，就…”。

对连词or或者and的选择，主要根据相应连词前后句表

达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就用or，一般表达一种负面的结果；如果前后句表示

意义顺承，无转折关系，就用and。

例如：

*Listentotheteachercarefulyinclass,oryoucan’tcatchwhatheissaying.上课时要仔细

听老师讲课，否则你就无法了解他在说什么。

*Walkdownourstreet,andyou’lseekidsplaying.你要是走上街头，就会看到孩子们在玩

耍。

2在“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中；陈述句通常用将来时态,即“wil+动词原形”，也可用

情态动词can，may等。

但通常不能用一般现在时或现在进行时。

例如：

*Workhard,andyoucanmakerapidprogressinyourstudy.努力吧，你会在学业上突飞猛

进的。

*Folowtheadviceofthedoctor,oryouwon’tbewellverysoon.遵从医生的叮嘱，否则你

的身体就不会很快好起来。

3“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构可与if引导的条件状语从句互换。

例如:

*Getupquickly,oryouwillbelate.（=Ifyoudon’tgetupquickly,youwillbelate.）快点起

床，不然你会迟到的。

Workhard,andyouwillpasstheexam.（=Ifyouworkhard,youwilpasstheexam.）如果

你努力学习，你就会通过考试。

4“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中，祈使句有时可以省略动词。

例如：

Makemoreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.（=Moreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.）

如果不多些努力，你就不会成功。

Givemeonemorehour,andI’lgettheworkfinished.（=O