英语文体学教程.docx
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英语文体学教程.docx
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英语文体学教程
Chapterl
1,
whatisstyleinyouropinionaccordingtowhatwehavestudiedinthischapter?
fromtheperspectiveofthecontent,theeventsandactivities
differentways;andfromtheperspectiveofthetext,styleisthefunctionsoftextsfordifferentpurposes.
Anwser2,thedefinitionofstyleistheconceptofstyleaschoice.thisdefinitioncanhaveatleasttoointerpretations.oneisthatfirstwehaveapre
existingthought,andthenwechoicetheappropriatetypeofexpressiontoexpressitinIanguage.Thechosenexpressionisthestyle.anotheristhatthechoicereferstothechoiceofmeaning.ThechoiceofIanguageisatthesametimeachoiceofmeaningandachoiceofstyle.
2,whatisthesignificaneeofstudyingthestyleofIanguageinlearningandteaching
English?
Anwser,theansweristhatifwewanttouseIanguageappropriatelyin
differentsituations,weneedtostudystyle.asforeignIanguagelearners,ifwe
disregardtherulesofusingwhatvarietyofIanguageinwhatoccasion,orfailtoobeythemthroughignorance,languagecanbecomeinsteadabarriertosuccessfulcommunication.ThereforeitsnecessarytohaveaclearawarenessofhowIanguageshouldbeusedindifferenttypesofsituationsespeciallyinunfamiliarsituations.
3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle
Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsin
thereader'mind,sotheycanresultindifferentstyles.2,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.
Chapter21,explainthefollowingterms
1),foregrounding:
thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentand
motivated,thatis,foregrounded.
2),ineongruity:
thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseof
Ianguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.
3)deflection:
thelinguisticfeaturesdon'tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,
lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyof
occurrenee.
4),field;itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc
5)tenor:
itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----the
relationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,their
attitude,andtheirrolerelations.
6)mode:
itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritis
writtenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstaneeorgraphic
substanee.
2,questionfordiscussion
2)inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninflueneethestylisticeffect.tryto
analyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.
Answer:
differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat」nappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcrete
things,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectare
highlighted.Anotherfunetionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemsto
highlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedin
concrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueofIanguage.
3)whatfactorsaffectthewriterse'etionofwordsandstyle
Answer:
fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:
whethertheyarefamiliarornot
familiar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleor
more,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo-saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter'sselectionofstyle.
4)whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywords
Answer:
wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisterand
dialect.register:
field,tenor,mode.dialect:
regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,etc.temporaldialectsuchasodEnglish.
5)throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning?
Answer:
simile:
xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:
XisY,egheisapig.
Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.
Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.
Chapter3
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),chiasmus:
chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:
letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.
2)antistrophe:
itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:
whatpollytome,ormetopolly?
3)epizeuxis:
itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.
4)ploce:
therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.
5)loosesentence:
putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.
6)periodicsentence:
aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,
thusdrawingthelistenerattendontotheendofthesentence.itcanbeusedto
producehumorousandemphaticeffect.
2,questionfordiscussion
1),therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:
recurreneeofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified?
Answer:
therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:
theunexpectedhighfrequencyof
occurreneeofacertaintypeofsentence;andtheoverregularoccurreneeofa
particularpattern.
2)thehighfrequencyofoccurreneeoflongandshortsentencecancreatestylistic
effect.apartfromthediffereneeinexpressivemeanings,whatareothercharacteristicsofthetwotypesofsentences?
Answer:
longsentencesaregoodtoprovidethedetaileddescriptions,andaregoodtorevealthementalactivitiesofthespeaker.sotheyareusedtoproduceavivid,rich,exuberant,luxuriousstyle.Shortsentence:
canproducedirect,terse,concise,cleareffectorcontinuous‘compact,swifteffect,sothatitcreatescertainatmosphere,andleaveadeepimpressiononthelisteners.
3)whydowritersoftenviolatetheruleofgrammar?
Whatdowecalthisviolation?
Answer:
wecallthisviolationsyntacticincongruity.theviolationofthegrammaticalrulescanbeusedtoproducecertainstylisticeffects.Theso-calledungrammaticalsentencesareusedtorepresentthedifferentvarietiesofIanguageaccordingto
registeranddialect.Inliteraryworks,dialecticalandpersonalfeaturesofspeechareoftenusedtodepictthepersonalityofthecharacters.Inpoetry,thepoetoftenusesdeviantgrammaticalstructurestoachievespecialeffects,makeslinesterseandconcise,tomakeitrichinmeaning.
4)whatisthefunctionofrhetoricalquestions?
Answer:
Arhetoricalquestionistousetheformofaquestioninordertoexpressa
strongemotionortoemphasizeaparticularaspect.Thefunctionofinvertedsentence
istomakeadeclarativesentencemorepowerful,toattractthelistener'sattention,or
toinduceothers'sympathy.Arrangedinparallelism,rhetoricalquestionscanexpress
strongemotionsandincreasethepersuasivepower.Arhetoricalquestioncanalso
introducethetopicofthetext.
5)Inwhatwayscanweuseinvertedsentencestoachieveemphaticeffect?
Answer:
tochangethenormalwordordercanbeusedtoproducesomeemphaticeffect.Whatisputtotheinitialpartofthesentenceisusuallythefocusofinformationoftheclauseandalsothethemeofheclause.Soitishighlighted.
Chapter4
1explainthefollowingterms
1)Synaesthesia:
itreferstothefactthatsoundssareattributedwithcertainvalues
orestheticfeatures.Itisverycasual,andsupportedbysituationalfeaturesand
meaning.
2)Alliteration:
referstotherepetitionoftheinitialsoundusuallyaconsonant,oravowelatfirstposition,intwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether.
3)Assonance:
referstotheuseofthesameorrelatedvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.Itcancreateharmoniouseffect.
4)Consonance:
referstotherepetitionofthelastconsonantsofthestresseswords
attheendofthelines.
2questionsfordiscussion
1)WhatarethecharacteristicofspokenIanguageandwrittenIanguagerespectively?
Answer:
spokenIanguage:
1itcandirectlybeaccompaniedbyothernon-linguisticmeansastheaid;2itisgenerallyspeakingnotasformalaswrittenIanguage;3itpermitserrorsintheprocessofproduction;4itusesaparticulargrammar,a
grammarcharacteristicsofspokenIanguage.5homophonescanbeusedforspecialstylisticeffects,suchaspun;6someimplicationsarebestrepresentedbyspecial
soundfeatures;7soundfeaturecanrepresentthefeatureofregionaldialectorsocialdialect.
WrittenIanguage:
1aswrittenIanguagecommunicationisusuallynotadirectone,
butisdelayedintimeandatdifferentplaces,thewritergenerallyhastimetogetwellpreparedandrevisethetextbeforehesendsitouttothereader;2asspaceislimited,ithasspecialgrammaticalfeaturessoastoputmoremeaninginit.therearemanynominalizationstomakesentencesintogroups;3writtenIanguageisoftenusedinamoreformalsituation;4astimeisenough,itisusuallywritteninamoredetailedandlogicalway;5aswrittenIanguageismorepurposeful,andforasinglespecificgoal,itisusuallymoreconstantanddevelopedaroundasinglesubject.
2)Howmanysoundpatternsdowehave?
Whatspecialstylisticeffectscanbeachievedbythem?
Answer:
thesesoundpatternsin
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