英语语言学论文范本模板.docx
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英语语言学论文范本模板.docx
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英语语言学论文范本模板
英语语言学概论论文
论文题目:
AnAnalysisofEuphemisminEnglishFromthePolitenessPrincipleofPragmatics
Abstract
Euphemism,cosmeticwords,isnotonlyalingualphenomenon,butalsoaculturalandsocialphenomenon.Itislikeamirror,reflectingthevalues,aestheticconceptionsandmoralconceptsinsomeextent.Euphemismplaysanimportantpartinsocialcommunication。
Itislikelubethatavoidshurtingtheotherparty’sfeeling。
Itoilsthehumanrelationshipincommunicationandhelpstosavefaceofcommunicators。
Ifpeoplemakefulluseofeuphemism,itcanaccelerateandfacilitatehumancommunication。
Thispaperelaboratesonthefeaturesandsocialfunctionsofeuphemism。
AnditfocusesontherelationshipsbetweenitspolitefunctionsandPolitenessPrinciple.ThisthesisiscomposedofsixpartswithChapterFourandFiveasitscore:
Thefirstchapterfocusesontheoriginanddefinitionsofeuphemism.Thesecondchapterdiscussesthefeaturesofeuphemisminmanyways.Thethirdchaptertalksaboutthesocialfunctionsofeuphemismfromtheangleofpragmatics.Thefourthchapterformsthebasisofthewholeresearchbyconnectingeuphemismwithpolitenessandface—savingtheory。
ThefifthchaptercentersoneuphemismandPolitenessPrinciple。
Thelastchapterconcludesthewholethesis。
AppropriateuseofEnglisheuphemismcancontributealottosuccessfulmessageexchange.
KeyWords:
euphemism;socialfunctions;PolitenessPrinciple;face
1.Introduction
Thereisahumor:
OnceaParistouristresidedinUK.Alandladytoldhimsadlythat,“Myhusbandhasjustpassedtotheotherside。
"Theguestlookedfromthefenceofthegardenbutsawnoone,feelingconfused。
Thelandladyexplained:
“Imeanhe’skickedthebucket.”Theguestcomfortedherthat:
“Ihopehisfootwillbebettersoon.”Thelandladyfeltunintelligiblyandsaid:
“No,hewasn'there,hesnuffedit…youknow."Theguestwonderedandsaid:
“Butyou’vegotelectricityhere.”
Thereasonswhytheguestdidn’tanswerproperlyarethathedidn’trealizethatthelandladyusedeuphemism,nordidheunderstandthe“conversationalimplicature”ofeuphemism。
Whatthelandladywantedtosayisthatherhusbanddied。
ThewordeuphemismcomesfromtheGreekword“euphemos”,meaning"auspicious/good/fortunatespeech”whichinturnisderivedfromtheGreekroot--—wordseu,”good/well”+pheme,”speech/speaking”。
Theeuphemewasoriginallyawordorphraseusedinplaceofareligiouswordorphrasethatshouldnotbespokenaloud(Suchastaboo)。
Theprimaryexamplesoftaboowordsrequiringtheuseofaeuphemismaretheunspeakablenamesforadeity,suchasPersephone,Hecate,NemesisorYahweh。
Byspeakingonlywordsfavorabletothegodsorspirits,thespeakerattemptedtoproducegoodfortunebyremainingingoodfavorwiththem。
“EuphemismisdefinedintheNewEditionoftheOxfordConciseDictionary(1976)as‘Substitutionofmildorvagueorroundaboutexpressionforharshordirectone;expressionthussubstituted.’INWebster'sNewCollegiateDictionary(1973)thedefinitionreads,‘Substitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant。
’”
EuphemismisanimportantrhetoricalmeansinEnglish。
Itplaysanimportantroleinpeople’sdailycommunication.Itisnotonlyaculturalphenomenon,butalsoasocialphenomenon.Itjustlikesamirror,whichreflectssomesocialandpsychologicalphenomena。
2。
Featuresofeuphemism2。
1Indirectandimplicit
Themostimportantcharacterofeuphemismisindirectandimplicit.Euphemismalwaysgivespeoplehintsinaroundaboutway。
Wecaninferthedeepermeaningandintentionfromthecontext.Forexample,whensomeoneisill,wealwayssayheisundertheweather.Ifsomeoneismad,wesayheissoftinmind。
2。
2Universality
Universalityissomethingthatiswell-knownandacceptedbyallofthepeople.Thougheuphemismisindirectanditdoesn’tcomestraighttothepoint,peoplecaneasilyinferitsdeeperimplication。
Sometaboosconnectedwithsex,death,orbodyfunctionsarereplacedbyeuphemisms。
Andthepublichasacceptedthiskindofuse。
Forexample,whenwerefertodeath,weseldomsay“die”。
Weusetheexpression“passaway”。
2.3Thefeatureoftimes
Thechangesoflanguagedependontheneedandchangesofthesociety.Andeuphemismundergoesaprocessofmetabolism。
Itbearsamarkedbrandoftimes。
Forexample,“‘Sheispregnant’hasmanydifferenteuphemisticexpressionsindifferenteras。
(1)Shehascanceledallhersocialengagements。
(1856)
(2)Sheisinaninterestingcondition。
(1880)
(3)Sheisinadelicatecondition。
(1895)
(4)Sheisknittinglittlebootees。
(1910)
(5)Sheisinafamilyway。
(1920)
(6)Sheisexpecting.(1935)
(7)Sheispregnant.(1956)”
Butafter1960s,euphemismsofpregnantdevelopslowlybecauseinmoderntimes,peoplearenotsoimplicit。
Theyalwaysmentionthingsdirectly.Andnow,thephenomenonofpregnantisacheerfulthing.Peoplewillnotbeshywhenmentioningit。
3。
Pragmaticfunctionsofeuphemism
3。
1Taboofunction
“Tabooisthemainpsychologicalbasisoftheemergenceofeuphemism.Euphemismistheavoidanceoftheunpleasant,inelegantthings.AfamoussociolinguistMr。
ChenYuanoncesaid:
‘Generallyspeaking,thecomingintobeingofeuphemismallbeginsfromtaboo.’Fromtheoriginofeuphemism,wecanseethattabooisthefirstfunctionofeuphemism。
Euphemismhasbeenusingforalongtime,anditiscloselyrelatedtotaboo.Infact,euphemismdatesbacktothelanguagetaboointheearlyperiodofhumancivilization。
Whenpeopletrytoavoidandgiveuptaboowords,theyhavetofindanotherwordtoreplacethisvacancyatthesametime.Hence,peoplecreatedeuphemism。
”
Therearesometaboothings,suchasbirth,death,funeral,sex,nakedness,defecation,andurinate。
Iftheyareexpresseddirectly,theyarecalledtaboowordsandthefeelingstheygiveusarevulgar,crudeandharsh,whereasiftheyareexpressedindirectly,theyarecalledeuphemism,andtheimpressionstheymadeonusareelegant,implicitandpolite。
Theevadingfunctionofeuphemismalsoworkstoday.Sometaboonotionscannotbeeasilyremovedfrompeople’smind.
Thoughscienceandtechnologyarehighlydevelopedtoday,theword“death”isthetaboowordstoallnations.Thustherearealotofeuphemismsrelatedwithit。
“Suchaspassaway,answerthefinalcall,beasleepinJesus,besafeinthearmsofJesus,beatrest,becalledtoGod,behomeandfree,beinAbraham’sbosom,crosstheRiverJordan,finalsleep,gohome,gotomeetone'smaker,gotoone’sownplace,joinone’sancestors,jointhegreatmajority,returntodust,withGod,benolongerwithus,paythedebtofnature,tickthebucket,etc。
”“Amongthose,‘one—way—ticket’isthesynonymof‘die’。
Itreflectsthespeaker’sexperienceoflife.Lifeisjustliketravel。
Peoplesetouttotravel,butwhentheyarrivetothetermination,theycannotgoback.Inthepast,peopleoftenusedgraveyardtoexpresstheplacewherethedeadsleeppeacefully.Buttheassociationsitgivesusarehorrifiedandgloomy.Sonow,peopleusefuneralhomeandmemorialparktoreplacethem。
Insuchaway,itcomfortspeople。
”
3。
2Politefunction
Politefunctionofeuphemismistoavoidinelegantthingsandmakepeoplefeelpleasant.AsJoannaChannellputinherbookVagueLanguage“Vaguenessisusedasonewayofadheringtothepolitenessrulesforaparticularculture,andofnotthreateningface.”Itmeansthatinreallife,whenpeoplemeetwithsomeunpleasantthingsorbehaviors,theyusuallychoosesomevagueexpressionstoavoidmakingboldorhurtingother’sfeeling-—--touseeuphemism。
Itisharshtosaysomeoneisdeaf,sopeopleuse“auditory-impaired”toreplaceit.Theysoundmoregracefully。
“WhenEnglish-speakersrefertotheappearance,theydon'tusetheword‘ugly’or‘awful’,whichhasstrongderogatorysense.Instead,theyusetheword‘plain—looking’or‘notpretty’.”Westernersaresensitivetoage.Intheiropinion,“old”equalsto“useless”insomeextent.Inordernottohurtthefeelingandself-esteemoftheold,“oldmen"arereplacedby“seniorcitizens”or“seasonedmen”.Fortheword“senior”hasmanymeanings.Except“older”,italsomeanshigherinrankorauthority.Andtheword“seasoned”meansexperienced.3。
3Tacticalfunction
Ifasamemeaningisexpressedinmanydifferentways,theireffectsareentirelydifferent。
Thisiswhatwecalledtheartofspeaking。
Ifweapplythisstrategytoourdailylife,ourlifewillbemorecolorful。
Forexample,ontheplane,therearesomebagsthatcanbeusedbythepassengerstoshoothiscookies.Peopledon’tprintthewords“vomitbag"onthesurfaceofthebag。
Instead,theyusethewords“formotiondiscomfort”.Andtheresultprovedthatthevomitphenomenonhasreduced。
Becausecomparedwiththeformerwords,theword“formotiondiscomfort”preventsthepassengersfromvomitingwheninastateofairsickness.Thisisthetacticalfunctionofeuphemism。
Bycontrary,ifweuseeuphemisminappropriately,theresultwouldbeworse。
Trytocomparethefollowingtwostatements:
Iamanoldcripple,drawinganold—agepension,workinghardtoraisevastquantitiesofvegetablesonanallotmentandwellawarethat,oneofthesedays,Ishalldie。
If,however,Ilistentothevoiceofofficialdom,itturnsoutthatIamadisadvantagedseniorcitizen,registeredasdisabled,drawingaretirementpension,rentingaleisuregardenand,presumably,immortalbecauseIshallneverdie——-Ishallmerelypassaway。
Wecanseethatinthefirststatement,theauthortalksdirectlyabouthislifestatus.Thesecondstatementisthatthegovernmentofficialsmakeasurveyo
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