电机拖动 第二章 直流电机Motor dragdc motor.docx
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电机拖动 第二章 直流电机Motor dragdc motor.docx
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电机拖动第二章直流电机Motordragdcmotor
03电机拖动第二章直流电机3(Motordrag2dcmotor3)
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Schoolofautomation,ChongqingUniversity
One
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Thesecondchapter:
DCmotor
Two
primarycoverage
First,theworkingprincipleandstructureofDCmotor
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
TheoperatingprincipleofseventhDCmotorcalculationsectionsixthDCmotorexcitationwindingsfourthDCmotornameplatedatasectionthirdsectionsecondDCmotorDCmotorandthefifthmagneticfieldinducedelectromotiveforceandtheelectromagnetictorqueofthereversing
Three
Sixthquarter
One
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
TheoperatingprincipleofDCmotor
ThebasicequationofDCmotormotor?
Inenergyconversion,musthaveitsmotionequationintheenergyconversion,musthaveitsmotionequationtodescribetheinternalprocessofelectromagneticelectromagneticprocessandtype,characterizedbyitsinternalelectromagneticprocessandelectromechanicalprocess?
(a)electromotiveforcebalanceequation(two)torquebalance?
Equation(three)thepowerbalanceequation?
Four
(1)electromotiveforcebalanceequation
Takeexcitationforexample
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Thedirectionofeachmotorisspecified:
thedirectionofeachmotorisspecified:
ThearmatureelectromotiveforceEandthecurrentIarmatureelectromotiveforceEaandthecurrentIadirectionopposite,theelectromagnetictorqueTandthespeedndirectionaresame,theelectromagnetictorqueTeandthespeedndirectionissame,isthedrivetorque
Positivedirectionofgenerator:
regulationofpositivedirectioningenerator:
ThearmatureelectromotiveforceEandthecurrentIarmatureelectromotiveforceEaandthecurrentIadirectionareconsistent,theelectromagnetictorqueTandthespeedndirectionareopposite,theelectromagnetictorqueTeandthespeedndirectionopposite,isthebrakingtorque
Five
(1)electromotiveforcebalanceequation
Forsteady-stateoperation,formotors:
steadyrunning,formotors:
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
U=U,a=Ea+Ra,I,a
U=U,f=(RF+r=)=I,f=R,F,I,f
Importantspeedformula:
importantspeedformula:
U,Ra,I,a,n=,Ce,Phi
Steadystateoperationforgenerator:
steadystateoperation,forgenerator:
Ea=U+Ra,I,a
U=Rf,I,f
Six
(two)torquebalanceequation
Formotors:
formotors:
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
D=Te=T2+,T0+,TJ=T2+,T0+,J,DT
T2-loadbrakingtorqueT0-no-loadlosstorqueTJ-inertiatorque
Insteadystateoperation,themotorrotatesataconstantangularspeed,andthemotorrotatesataconstantangularspeedinsteadystateoperation:
Te=T2+T0
T2+T0Ia=CTPhi
Corollary:
corollary:
?
Ifthetotalbrakingdiameterunchanged,unchanged,unchangedIawasstableafter?
Theactualload,Ia=0
Forgenerators:
forgenerators:
T1=Te+T0
T1primemoverdragtorque
Seven
(three)powerbalanceequation
Formotors:
formotors:
InputelectricpowerP1inputelectricpowerP
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
P=UI=U(I,F+I,a)1=UI,F+(I,a,Ra+2,U,C+,Ea)I,a=pCuf+,pCua+,PC+Pe
ElectromagneticpowerPe,electromagneticpowerP,no-loadlossP0,no-loadlossp
Pe=Ea,I,a=Te==(T0+T2)=P0+P2,P0=pFe+pmech+P?
OutputmechanicalpowerP2P2=T2outputmechanicalpowerP
Powerbalancetype:
powerbalancetype:
P=P2+,pCuf+,pCua+,PC+,pFe+,pmech+,P=P2+sigma,p1
Efficiency:
efficiency:
P2P)*100%=sigmaETA=(1x100%PP2+p1sigma?
Eight
(three)powerbalanceequation
Forgenerators:
forgenerators:
InputmechanicalpowerP1P1=T1==(Te+T0)=Pe+P0inputmechanicalpowerP
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
=Pe+pFe+pmech+P?
ElectromagneticpowerPeelectromagneticpowerP
Pe=Ea,I,a=(U+,I,a,Ra+2,U,c)I,a
2=UI,a+,I,a,Ra+2,I,a,U,C=2+UI,F+I,a,Ra+2,I,UI,a,U,C
=P2+pCuf+pCua+PC
OutputelectricpowerP2outputelectricpowerP
P2=UI
Powerbalancetype:
powerbalancetype:
P=P2+,pCuf+,pCua+,PC+,pFe+,pmech+,P=P2+sigma,p1
Nine
Powerdiagram
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Ten
Two
WorkingcharacteristicsofDCmotor
Workcharacteristics:
referstotheU=UN,withoutthearmaturecircuitresistance,externalcharacteristics:
referstotheU=Uinexternalarmaturecircuitresistance,electromagnetictorqueandspeednTefficiencyIf=IfN,nspeed,electromagnetictorqueTeandefficiencyofthreeandtherelationshipbetweenthetransmissionpowerofP.TherelationbetweenoutputpowerandP2.Namely:
machine
Fundamentalsoflearninganddragging
N=f(P2,Te)=f(P2),ETA=f(P2)
Inactualoperation,Iacanbedirectlymeasured,andtheincreaseofIawithP2andtheactualoperation,canbedirectlymeasured,bothincreased,theincreasingtrendissimilar,bothincreased,theincreasingtrendisnotmuch,sooftenworkcharacteristicsexpressedas:
characteristicsexpressedas:
N=f(I,a)Te=f(I,a)=f(Ia).
Eleven
(1)shunt(separatelyexcited)motorspeedcharacteristicandshunt(separatelyexcited)
U=UN,R,=0,If=IfN,n=(Ia),=0,n=f(I)relationshipcurveforspeedcharacteristics,speedcharacteristics.Therelationcurveisspeedcharacteristic.
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Accordingtotheformulaofspeed:
accordingtotheformulaofspeed:
theformulaofspeed
U,N,Ra,I,a,Ra,n==N0,Ia,Ce,Ce,phi,Phi
UN,N0=idealno-loadspeedideal,no-loadspeedCePhi
Ifthearmaturereactionisnotdecreased,ifthearmaturereactionisnotconsidered,ifthearmaturereactionistakenintoaccount,thearmaturereactionmaybeincreasedifthearmaturereactionisconsidered,
Twelve
(two)shunt(separatelyexcited)torquecharacteristicofmotorandshunt(separatelyexcited)
WhenU=UNandIf=IfN,therelationcurveofTe=f(Ia)istorquecharacteristic.Torquecharacteristic.(I'srelationshipcurveistorquecharacteristic
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
Accordingtothetorqueformula:
accordingtothetorqueformula:
torqueformula
Te=CTphiIa
Ifthearmaturereactionisnotconsidered,thelineisclosetothestraightline.Ifthearmaturereactionisnotconsidered,ifthearmaturereactionisconsidered,thedecreaseisnotenough,ifthearmaturereactionistakenintoaccount,
Thirteen
(three)theefficiencycharacteristicofshunt(separatelyexcited)motorandshunt(separatelyexcited)
U=UN,If=IfN,=f(Ia)curveforefficiencycharacteristics.Efficiencycharacteristics.(I'srelationcurveisefficiencycharacteristic
Fundamentalsofelectricalengineeringandtraction
P2P)*100%=sigmaETA=1x100%(P=11?
P(1?
2pCuf+pFe+pmech+P++IaRa+2IaUC?
UN(Ia+I,f)
*100%
Amongthem,amongthem,
PCuf+pFe+pmech+Pisinvarianttoloss
2,pCua=I,a,Ra,PC=2,I,a,U,C
Variableloss
Fourteen
TherearetwotimestherelationshipbetweenETAandIa,oneofthemostefficiencycurveexistsbetweenthetwo,therearetwolargevaluenegligibleexcitationcurrent;electric?
DuetoIfN< Fundamentalsoflearninganddragging 迪一 2pcuf+生活+PMech=我一个RA 结论: 当电动机在某负载下不变损耗等于可变损结论: 耗时,此时效率最高。 耗时,此时效率最高。 ? 推论: 1)额定运行时总损耗推论: 2,P=2inRA∑ 2)可从额定数据来估算电枢回路总电阻? 上述结论和推论具有普遍性 1美元? pn=? 22 十五 (四)串励直流电动机的工作特性 基本方程式: 基本方程式: 电机学及拖动基础电动势平衡方程式U=CeΦN+1个(RA+RFC)电动势公式转矩平衡方程式转矩公式转速公 EaceΦN=CN′ TE=T2+T0 ′TE=CTΦ我=我A u? 我A(RA)u1N==? RA′CEΦCA′我Ca ′为串励绕组电阻,(RFC为串励绕组电阻,RA′=RA+RFCCA′=CeKFCT=CTKF) 十六 结论: 结论: 转速特性: 1)随负载增大迅速转速特性: 电降低;空载时有飞速危险,降低;2)空载时有飞速危险,机学不允许在空载或负载很小情况及下运行。 下运行。 拖动基础 并励电动机 转矩特性: 以高于电流一次方转矩特性: 的比例增加,的比例增加,保证在同样大小的起动电流下得到比并励电动机更大的起动转矩。 机更大的起动转矩。 ? 效率特性: 与并励相似效率特性: 与并励相似。 串励电动机 十七 (五)复励直流电动机的工作特性 结论: 结论: 工作特性介于并励与串励的特性之间;? 工作特性介于并励与串励的特性之间;? 若并励磁动势为主,则接近并励特性;若并励磁动势为主,则接近并励特性;? 若串励磁动势为主,则接近串励特性;若串励磁动势为主,则接近串励特性;? 由于有并励磁动势存在,空载时没有飞速由于有并励磁动势存在,的危险。 的危险。 1并励电动机并励电动机2积复励电动机积复励电动机3串励电动机串励电动机 十八 电机学及拖动基础 一台他励直流电动机的额定数据为: [例2-1】一台他励直流电动机的额定数据为: PN=1325kwUn=750v我n=1930aNN=200r/min电机电枢绕组的电阻Ra=0.0161? 电刷接触压降学2? u=2伏 及拖动基础 设电动机原来在额定转速和额定负载下运行,在负设电动机原来在额定转速和额定负载下运行,载的总制动转矩(包括损耗转矩)载的总制动转矩(包括损耗转矩)保持不变的情况下,试求 (1)在电枢回路中突然串入电阻=0.0743,求串)在电枢回路中突然串入电阻R入电阻最初瞬间和达到稳定时的电枢电流和转速分别是多少? 别是多少? 十九 (2)减少电动机的励磁电流,使磁通减少)减少电动机的励磁电流,使磁通Φ减少10%,当达到稳定时的电枢电流和转速分别是多少到稳定时的电枢电流和转速分别是多少? 当达到稳定时的电枢电流和转速分别是多少 电解EA=u? 我是RA? 2? =(750? 1930×0。 0161? 2)V=717V (1)inthearmaturecircuitresistanceintothefirstmoment)onsuddenlysuddenlyinthearmaturecircuitresistanceRandEaonI=717Va=U? Ea? U2? C=750? 717? 2A=343ARa+0.0161R+0.0743Isteadydraga=1930AEa=U'I? A(Ra+R)? 2? UC.=[750? 1930x(0.0161+0.0743)2]V=574V? N'=n'Ea574=(200*)R/min=160r/minEa717 Twenty Electric''Ia=(1930/0.9)A=2145Areducedto0.9oftheoriginal (2)fluxreducedtotheoriginalmachine''')'Ea=U? IaRa? 2? U(C=750x0.0161? 2145? 2)V=713VandEa''Phi7131'n'=n=200*r/min=221r/mindragEaPhi''7170.9basic Twenty-one Two ? ? ? Characteristicsofadirectcurrentgenerator FourbasicphysicalquantitiesofDCgenerator: fourbasicphysicalquantitiesU,I,If,nDCgenerator: DCgeneratorbymotordrive,usuallyn=nDCgeneratorbymotordrive,usuallyn=nNremainedunchangedasthepowersupply,theprimaryconcernisthecharacteristicsoftheterminalvoltageasthepowersupply,theprimaryproblemattentionisthecommoncharacter
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