文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版.docx
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文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版.docx
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文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版
Definition
Chapter1
1.Stylisticsisanareaofstudywhichstraddlestwodisciplines:
literarycriticismandlinguistics.Besides,itisdirectlyrelatedtoliteraryinterpretation,andmakeuseoflinguisticfactsandtheory.
Chapter2
:
2.Styleasdeviancereferstothedistinctivenessofaliterarytextresidesinitsdeparturefromthecharacteristicsofwhatiscommunicativelynormal.
.p13Thephrase“agriefago”fromapoemofthatnamebyDylanThomas.
ItviolatestworulesofEnglish:
a)theindefinitearticleaclashessyntacticallywiththeuncountablenoungrief;b)thepostmodifyingadverbagoclashessemanticallywiththeheadwordgrief.Thehighlydeviantnatureofthephraseattractsmuchattentionfromthereadertoitself,andthusmakesitpossibleforthepoettoexpresswhatcannotbeexpressedthroughthenormaluseoflanguage.(汪洁)
3.Bystyleaschoiceismeantthatstyleresultsfromatendencyofaspeakerorwritertoconsistentlychoosecertainstructuresoverothersavailableinthelanguage.
`
.
InwritingTheEveofSt.Agnes,Keatsfirstproducedtheline,“Asthougharoseshouldcloseandbeabudagain”.Butwhenhere-readtheline,hesubstitutedthewordshutforclose:
”Asthougharoseshouldshutandbeabudagain”
4.Theviewofstyleasforegroundingisafurtherviewofstylewhichappearstobeacompromisebetweenviewofstyleasdevianceandviewofstyleaschoice.Thetermforegroundingisaconceptofpictorialarts,referringtothatpartofthecompositionthatappearstobeclosesttotheview.
.P19
!
Whenhelaughed,respectablesenatorsburstwithlaughter,
Andwhenhecriedthelittlechildrendiedinthestreets.
.Auden,EpitaphonaTyrant)
Audencouldhavechosenadifferentstructureforeachline,yethelimitedhimselftothesameoption.Theparallelstructureheredrawstheattentionofthereaderandmakeshimseethesematicconnectionbetweenthetwolines.Thisisatypeofforegrounding.(汪洁)
<
Chapter3
5.Grammetrics:
thewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzas.
IsJusttoSay
Ihaveeaten
(
theplums
thatwerein
theice-box
andwhich
youwereprobably
saving
forbreakfast
Forgiveme
)
theyweredelicious
sosweet
andsocold
Itcreatesapulling-forwardeffect.Inoneline,althoughtheverbeatcaneithertakeanobjectornot,theabsenceofpunctuationattheendofthelinemakesusexpectone.Thuswearedrivenforwardtothesecondlinewhereourexpectationissatisfied.(章嫣羚)
|
6.Affixation:
istheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage.
.P46
AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall.Thenoncewordforesufferediscoinedbyaddingtheprefix‘fore-’totheitem‘suffer’.Theprefix‘fore-’conveysthemeaning‘beforehand’andisnormallyreservedforjoiningwithsuchitemsas‘see’,‘tell’and‘warn’.Thenovelusehere,accordingtoLeech,encapsulatesanewlyformulatedidea:
itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture,justasitispossibleto‘foresee’and‘foretell’ortohave‘foreknowledge’ofthefutureevents.(章嫣羚)
7.Graphology:
theencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.
^
deviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,in-dentation,etc.
[Thematic-fronting]
8.Markedtheme:
Theinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme.Therestofclauseelementsmightbeputinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect.Thethemethusproducedisunusualandisthereforecalleda“marked“theme.
E,g.P40
Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris,thatitmayrequiretalent,butitcertainlyrequirescapital.TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.(Dickens,DavidCopperfield).
/
Inthesecondsentence,twoobjects----talentandcapitalwereplacedinthefrontofeachclause.Thefunctionoftheunusualclausethemeseemstobethree-fold:
a)itneatlyknitstheparagraphtogetherandisthusapowerfuldeviceoftextualcohesion,
b)itservestoformacontractinmeaningbetweenthetwoparallelclauses,c)itgivesmuchemphasistothetwowordsshiftedtotheinitialposition.(屈静华)
9.compounding:
compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.N
E,
~
WhileI,joy-jumping,empty-eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied.(EdwinBrook)
Inthissentence,joy-jumpingisacompoundmadeuponthepatternofnoun+“ing”participle.Thiswordcoinedfromtheidiom“jumpforjoy”whichmeans“jumpbecauseofjoy”.Thedaywhen“my”fatherdiedcannotbeahappyday.Therefore,theextensionofthecompoundrulehereonanidiommakesthesituationdescribesinthepoemmuchmoreironical.
Thewordempty-eyedisalsoacompound.Itmeans“onthedaymyfatherdied”“therearenotearsin‘my’eyes”.Here,theironicaleffectisfurtherreinforcedanddeveloped.(屈静华)
10.Aphesis:
theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.
/
E,g.
Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion,
Loosecloudslikeearth’sdecayingleavesareshed,.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)
Thecompleteformofmid’inthelineis‘amid’.(夏莹)
:
11.Apocope:
theomissionofafinalpartofaword.
E,g.
Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,
Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun
Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,
!
Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.
(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)
Here,Burnshasuseda’for‘all’,wi’for‘with’ando’for‘of’.(夏莹)
12.Conversion:
whichisoftendescribedas‘zeroaffixation’,istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.
*
E,g.
“I’llGoldenBullyou,yourascal!
”roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.(Macaulay)
ThenounphraseGoldenBullisturnedtoaverbtoconveythemeaning,tofight(someone)likeaGoldenBull.SinceGoldenBullwasusedasapropernounintheprecedingsentence,theconversationofitintoaverbmakesthepassagehighlycohesive.ItalsovividlymanifeststheboorishnessoftheMajestyofPrussia.(叶淑萍)
13.Syncope:
theomissionofamedialpartofaword.
E,g.
{
Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheard
Inspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,
Breakingthesilenceoftheseas
AmongthefarthestHebridges.
(Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper)
。
Theoriginalformofne’erinthefirstlineis“never”.It’saconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Itchangesthepronunciationoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.(叶淑萍)
Chapter4
14.Oxymoron:
Itistheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionwhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.矛盾修辞
Falsetrue/diemerrily/alivingdeath--------createthecommunicativeeffect
15.Paradox:
Itisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.似非而是
…
Ignoranceisstrength.Expressacertaintruthormessagethroughapparentfalsehood.
16.Metonymy:
Itisthesubstitutionofawordreferringtoanattributeofthethingthatismeant,ratherthanthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole,orthewholeforapart.转喻
.P65
Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,
】
Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;
Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;
Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;
SceptreandCrown
Musttumbledown
<
Andinthedustbeequalmade
WiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.
(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)
SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartopresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.Scytheandspadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.(冯丹)
[
17.Synecdoche:
a)Itisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole.b)Itcanalsobeinterpretedmorebroadlytoincludesubstitutionofthewholeforapart.提喻
Hecan’trideawheel.Awheelsubstitutesthebicycle.
18.Metaphor:
Itisthefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.隐喻
.P69
Thefrogcameonthecat’sfeet.
!
Sheisreallyaduck,shethought.
(Galsworthy,TheForsyteSaga)
Sheisahumanreferentandtreatedeitherasaduck.(陈沈慧)
19.Overstatement:
Itistermedhyperboleintraditionalrhetoric.Itdistortsthetruthbygreatexaggeration.Itisusuallyusedtoemphasizestrongfeelingandtocreateasentimental,satiricorcomicoverstatementisoftenmetaphorical.夸张,夸张手法
·
.P71
Forshewasbeautiful-herbeautymade
Thebrightworlddim,andeverythingbeside
Seemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.
(Shelley)
'
Theoverstatementherbeautymadethebrightworlddimexpressesthespeaker’sgreatadmirationforthefemalefigure.Actually,whatthepoetintendstosay,putinplainterms,isthatshewasextraordinarilybeautiful.(陈沈慧)
20.Homophony:
Thewordsthathavethesamepronunciationbutdifferinformandmeaning.同音异义词
.P77
WhenIamdead,Ihopeitmaybesaid
‘Hissinswerescarlet,buthisbooksareread.’
(Belloc,OnhisBooks)
Whenwehaveheardtheselineswewouldhavetwosimultaneousinterpretationsofthelastlexicalitem:
thepastparticipleoftheverb'read'whichrelatestohisbooksandtheadjective'red'relatingtoitshyponymscarletinthefirsthalfofthesameline.
,
21.Polysemy:
theambiguityofanindividualwordorphrasethatcanbeused(indifferentcontexts)toexpresstwoormoredifferentmeanings一词多义
.P79
Franklin:
Hancock’sright.Thisisourpassporttothegallows.Butthereisnobackingoutnow.Ifwedon’thangtogether,weshallassuredlyhangseparately.
(PeterStoneandSherman
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