锌焙烧毕设论文.docx
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锌焙烧毕设论文.docx
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锌焙烧毕设论文
目录
1目录·····························································1
1.1概述···························································5
1.1.1锌的历史··················································5
1.2锌的性质······················································5
1.2.1物理性质··················································5
1.2.2化学性质··················································6
1.3锌的基本用途··················································6
1.4锌的矿物······················································7
1.5锌冶炼方法····················································8
1.5.1火法冶锌··················································8
1.5.2湿法炼锌··················································9
1.6我国锌冶炼的现状··············································11
2炼锌厂配烧车间的设计方案········································12
2.1焙烧原料······················································12
2.2焙烧车间的主要设备选择·······································12
2.2.1沸腾焙烧炉炉型···········································13
2.2.2气体分布板及风箱··········································18
2.2.3流态化床层排热装置·······································18
2.2.4排料口···················································18
2.2.5烟气出口·················································19
3流态化焙烧工艺··················································21
3.1概述··························································21
3.2焙烧的目的···················································21
3.3原料要求·····················································22
3.4焙烧前的准备·················································22
3.4.1配料的目的···············································22
3.4.2配料方法·················································23
3.4.3配料计算··················································23
3.5锌精矿的干燥·················································23
3.5.1锌精矿干燥的目的··········································23
3.5.2锌精矿干燥的方法·········································24
3.6锌精矿的破碎和筛分············································24
3.6.1破碎后干锌精矿的破碎·····································25
3.6.2破碎后干锌精矿的筛分·····································25
3.7锌精矿的流态化焙烧···········································25
3.7.1炉体部分及加料系统·······································27
3.7.1.1炉身····················································27
3.7.1.2炉床···················································27
3.7.2沸腾焙烧的技术条件·······································27
3.8炉气及收尘系统···············································29
3.8.1机械除尘··················································29
3.8.2电器除尘··················································29
3.9沸腾焙烧炉的烘炉开炉与停炉···································29
3.9.1烘炉·····················································29
3.9.2开炉·····················································30
3.9.3停炉·····················································30
4焙烧矿的浸出····················································31
4.1锌焙烧矿浸出的目的···········································31
4.2影响浸出速度的因素···········································31
4.2.1浸出温度对浸出速度的影响··································31
4.2.2矿浆的搅拌强度对浸出速度的影响···························32
4.2.3酸浓度对浸出速度的影响···································32
4.2.4焙烧矿本身性质对浸出速度的影响···························32
4.2.5矿浆的黏度对浸出速度的影响·······························32
4.3浸出的工艺流程···············································33
4.3.1常规法浸出的一般操作及技术条件的控制······················33
4.3.2浸出过程的技术条件控制···································34
4.3.3浸出的主要技术经济指标···································35
4.4湿法炼锌其它浸出方法·········································35
4.5锌浸出生产主要设备···········································37
4.5.1浸出槽···················································37
4.5.2空气搅拌槽···············································38
4.5.3机械搅拌槽···············································38
4.5.4液固分离设备·············································39
5硫酸锌溶液的净化················································40
5.1净化成分及目的···············································40
5.2净化方法·····················································40
5.2.1锌粉-黄药法··············································40
5.2.2砷盐法···················································40
5.2.3反向锑盐法···············································41
5.3净化过程的主要设备············································41
5.3.1流态化净化槽·············································41
5.3.2机械搅拌槽···············································42
5.3.3厢式压滤机和板框滤机板···································42
6硫酸锌溶液的电沉积··············································43
6.1锌电积生产过程···············································43
6.2电沉积基本原理···············································44
6.2.1阳极过程·················································44
6.2.2阴极过程·················································44
6.3阴极锌熔铸的生产过程·········································44
6.4锌电解生产的主要技术条件与指标分析····························45
6.4.1电锌质量·················································45
6.4.2电流密度与电流效率·······································45
6.4.3槽电压与电能消耗·········································46
7物料平衡和热平衡················································47
7.1已知条件·····················································47
7.1.1炉料的物理化学性质········································47
7.1.2工艺条件·················································47
7.1.3气象资料··················································47
7.2锌精矿物相组成···············································48
7.3烟尘产出率及其化学成分和物相组成计算·························50
7.4焙砂产出率及其化学成分和物相组成计算·························53
7.5焙烧需要的空气量及产出烟气量与组成的计算·····················58
7.6沸腾焙烧物料平衡·············································59
8热平衡计算······················································60
8.1热收入·······················································60
8.2热支出·······················································62
9炉型及炉体设计··················································65
9.1炉型、操作气流速度和床能率···································65
9.1.1炉型·····················································65
9.2操作气流速度的确定···········································65
9.3炉子主要尺寸的确定··········································66
9.3.3炉膛面积·················································66
9.3.2流态化层高度·············································66
9.3.1床面积···················································67
9.3.4炉腹角···················································67
9.3.5炉膛高度·················································67
9.4气体分布板···················································68
9.4.1风帽型式·················································68
9.4.2孔眼率···················································68
9.4.3风帽个数·················································69
9.4.4风帽排列方式·············································69
9.5其他部件·····················································69
9.5.1风箱·····················································69
9.5.2排热装置·················································69
9.5.3加料装置·················································70
9.5.4排料口···················································71
9.5.5排烟口···················································71
9.5.6开炉煤气烧嘴·············································71
9.6砖体·························································71
10锌精矿酸化焙烧车间配置·····················75
10.1厂房安排····················································75
10.1.1厂房平面布置············································75
10.1.2厂房垂直布置············································75
10.2厂房高度和跨度··············································76
10.2.1主跨····················································76
10.2.2加料跨··················································76
10.2.3余热锅炉跨和吸尘跨······································76
11流态化焙烧炉的主要结构参数及技术性能表·············77
11.1炉子的热平衡·························77
11.1.1热收入··················································77
11.1.2热支出··················································77
12厂址选择·······················································79
12.1厂址选择的目的和原则[9]·····································79
12.2厂址选择的要求[9]···········································79
12.2.1工业布局问题···········································80
12.2.2原材料供应以及交通运输条件······························78
12.2.3供水,供电条件··········································80
12.2.4环境保护和节约用地问题································80
12.2.5厂址的工程地质和水文地质条件···························80
12.2.6厂址协作条件············································80
12.3本次设计选址依据············································80
13车间环境保护···················································82
13.1废气的产生、治理与排放······································82
13.2废水的产生、治理与排放······································82
专题······························································83
结语······························································94
参考文献··························································95
致谢······························································97
第1章绪论
1.1概述
1.1.1锌的历史
世界上最早发现并使用锌的是中国,在10-11世纪中国是首先大规模生产锌的国家。
明朝末年宋应星所著的《天工开物》一书中有世界上最早的关于炼锌技术的记载。
1750~1850年人们已开始用氧化锌和硫化锌来治病。
1869年Raulin发现锌存在于生活机体中,并为生活机体所必需。
1963年报告了人体的锌缺乏病,于是锌开始列为1869年Raulin发现锌存在于生活机体中,并为生活机体所必需。
锌的生产过程非常简单,将炉甘石(即菱锌矿石)装满在陶罐内密封,堆成锥形,罐与罐之间的空隙用木炭填充,将罐打破,就可以得到提取出来的金属锌锭。
另外,我国化学史和分析化学研究的开拓者王链(1888—1966)在1956年分析了唐、宋、明、清等古钱后,发现宋朝的绍圣钱中含锌量高,提出中国用锌开始于明朝嘉庆年间的正确的科学结论。
锌的实际应用可能比《天工开物》成书年代还早。
1.2锌的性质[1]
1.2.1物理性质
锌是白略带蓝灰色的金属。
它的物理性质特点为熔点和沸点都比较低,质软,有展性,但加工后则变硬,融化后的流动性良好,其物理性质如表1-1所示。
在熔点附近的锌蒸汽压很小,但液态锌蒸汽压随温度升高而急增,至906.97℃即沸腾。
这是火法炼锌的基本原理。
表1.1锌的主要物理性质
名称
原子量
熔点
沸点
比重
比热(20℃)
熔化热
汽化热
硬度
20℃
500℃
800℃
单位
℃
℃
J/g℃
J/mol
J/mol
莫式
数量
65.37
419.505
906.97
7.133
6.58
6.22
0.383
7346.4
114809
2.5
1.2.2锌的化学性质
锌是活性金属,在室温下,锌在干燥的空气中不起变化,但在潮湿的空气中锌表面生成致密的碱式碳酸盐[ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2]薄膜,它可阻止锌的继续氧化。
锌加热至225℃后氧化激烈,燃烧时呈绿色火焰。
在一定温度下锌与氟、氯、溴、硫作用各生成相应的化合物。
锌属负电性金属,易溶于盐酸、稀硫酸和碱性
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