GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五.docx
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GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五.docx
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GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五
2015年GRE考试阅读理解:
每日一练
(十三至十五)
十三
Exercise13
JeanWagner‘smostenduringcontributiontothe studyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbe analyzedinareligious,aswellassecular,frameofLinereference.Theappropriatenessofsuchanapproachmayseemself-evidentforatraditioncommencingwith spiritualsandowingitsearlyforms,rhythms,vocabulary, andevangelicalfervortoWesleyanhymnals.Butbefore WagnerasecularoutlookthatanalyzedBlackpoetry solelywithinthecontextofpoliticalandsocialprotestwasdominantinthefield. ItisWagnerwhofirstdemonstratedtheessentialfusionofracialandreligiousfeelinginAfro-Americanpoetry.Thetwo,heargued,formasymbioticunioninwhichreligiousfeelingsareoftenappliedtoracialissuesandracialproblemsareoftenprojectedontoa metaphysicalplane.Wagnerfoundthismosteloquently illustratedintheBlackspiritual,wherethedesirefor freedominthisworldandthehopeforsalvationinthe nextareinextricablyintertwined.
(159words)
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
(A)contrastthetheoriesofJeanWagnerwith thoseofothercontemporarycritics
(B)documenttheinfluenceofJeanWagneronthedevelopmentofAfro-Americanpoetry
(C)explaintherelevanceofJeanWagner‘sworktothestudyofAfro-Americanreligion
(D)indicatetheimportanceofJeanWagner‘sanalysisofAfro-Americanpoetry
(E)presentthecontributionsofJeanWagnertothestudyofBlackspirituals
2.AllofthefollowingaspectsofAfro-Americanpoetryarereferredtointhepassageashavingbeen influencedbyWesleyanhymnalsEXCEPT
(A)subjectmatter
(B)wordchoice
(C)rhythm
(D)structure
(E)tone
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforeWagner,moststudentsofAfro-Americanpoetrydid whichofthefollowing?
(A)Contributedappreciablytothetransferof politicalprotestfromAfro-Americanpoetryto directpoliticalaction.
(B)Ignoredatleastsomeofthehistoricalrootsof Afro-Americanpoetry.
(C)AnalyzedfullytheaspectsofsocialprotesttobefoundinsuchtraditionalformsofAfro-AmericanpoetryastheBlackspiritual.
(D)Regardedasunimportantthedevelopment offerventemotionalisminaportionofAfro-Americanpoetry.
(E)ConcentratedonthecomplexrelationsbetweenthetechnicalelementsinAfro-Americanpoetryanditspoliticalcontent.
Intheearly1950‘s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereas Europeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began, Lineforthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:
the kings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthem chronicledbycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation, manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonly recordsthatseemedtoexist:
birth,marriage,anddeath records.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenonelitewasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthe vastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswas hardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.
Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethought orfelt.Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntothe recordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheard,aswitnesses,plaintiffs,anddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas―apoint ofentryintothementalworldofthepoor.‖HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthedocumentsto extractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedthe attitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudes include,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrime andthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.Ithasbeensocietiesthathavehad adevelopedpolicesystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshave yieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxon countrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudy oflegaldocuments.
Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberof years.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformation givesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.WealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpreindustrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothe numberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspect thattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.In addition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistoriansto compareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade. Giventheseinadequacies,itisclearwhythecase historyuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.
(473words)
4.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950‘s, mosthistorianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope didwhichofthefollowing?
(A)FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.
(B)Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.
(C)InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.
(D)Confinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthe preindustrialEuropeanpopulation.
(E)Tendedtorelyheavilyonbirth,marriage,and deathrecords.
5.Accordingtothepassage,thecasehistoriesextractedbyhistorianshave
(A)scarcelyilluminatedtheattitudesofthepoliticalandsocialelite
(B)indicatedthemannerinwhichthoseinpowerapportionedjustice
(C)focusedalmostentirelyonthethoughtsandfeelingsofdifferentsocialgroupstowardcrimeand thelaw
(D)beenconsideredthefirstkindofhistorical writingthatutilizedtherecordsoflegalcourts
(E)beenbasedforthemostpartonthetrialtestimony ofpoliceandotherlegalauthorities
6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannonelite ofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad
(A)useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenonelite
(B)beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudes ofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewho administeredjustice,towardthenonelite
(C)beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribed whatthisnonelitethought
(D)reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticaland socialelitewholivedduringtheperiodin question
(E)beenmorewillingtobasetheirresearchonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthe nonelite
7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinanotherdecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetter informationaboutwhichofthefollowing?
(A)Thecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecades
(B)Theaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthe citynearesttothecityunderinvestigation duringthetwodecades
(C)Thenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation
(D)Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingsaboutauthority,during eachofthedecadesunderinvestigation
(E)Thepossibilitiesforamemberofthecity‘snonelitetobecomeamemberofthepolitical andsocialeliteduringthetwodecades
Mycorrhizalfungiinfectmoreplantsthandoany otherfungiandarenecessaryformanyplantstothrive,buttheyhaveescapedwidespreadinvestigationuntilLinerecentlyfortworeasons.First,thesymbioticassociationissowell-balancedthattherootsofhostplantsshownodamageevenwhendenselyinfected.Second,thefungi cannotasyetbecultivatedintheabsenceofalivingroot.Despitethesedifficulties,therehasbeenimportant newworkthatsuggeststhatthissymbioticassociationcanbeharnessedtoachievemoreeconomicaluseof costlysuperphosphatefertilizerandtopermitbetter exploitationofcheaper,lesssolublerockphosphate. Mycorrhizalbenefitsarenotlimitedtoimproved phosphateuptakeinhostplants.Inlegumes,Mycorrhizalinoculationhasincreasednitrogenfixationbeyondlevelsachievedbyaddingphosphatefertilizer alone.Certainsymbioticassociationsalsoincreasethe hostplant‘sresistancetoharmfulrootfungi.
8.Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthepassage?
(A)Adescriptionofareplicableexperiment
(B)Asummaryreportofnewfindings
(C)Arecommendationforabandoningadifficult areaofresearch
(D)Arefutationofanearlierhypothesis
(E)Aconfirmationofearlierresearch
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply
9.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowinghasNOTbeenafactorinfluencingthe extenttowhichresearchonmycorrhizalfungihas progressed?
ALackofamethodforidentifyingmycorrhizal fungi
BDifficultiessurroundinglaboratoryproductionofspecimensforstudy
CDifficultiesensuingfromthehighcostand scarcityofsuperphosphatefertilizers
Itisoneofnature‘sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimiton
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