cet4阅读.docx
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cet4阅读.docx
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cet4阅读
1
WhenonelooksbackuponthefifteenhundredyearsthatarethelifespanoftheEnglishlanguage,heshouldbeabletonoticeanumberofsignificanttruths.Thehistoryofourlanguagehasalwaysbeenahistoryofconstantchange—attimesaslow,almostimperceptiblechange,atothertimesaviolentcollisionbetweentwolanguages.Ourlanguagehasalwaysbeenalivinggrowingorganism,ithasneverbeenstatic.Anothersignificanttruththatemergesfromsuchastudyisthatlanguageatalltimeshasbeenthepossessionnotofoneclassorgroupbutofmany.『Atoneextremeithasbeenthepropertyofthecommon,ignorantfolk,whohaveuseditinthedailybusinessoftheirliving,muchastheyhaveusedtheiranimalsorthekitchenpotsandpans.』①Attheotherextremeithasbeenthetreasureofthosewhohaverespecteditasaninstrumentandasignofcivilization,andwhohavestruggledbywritingitdowntogiveitsomepermanence,order,dignity,andifpossible,alittlebeauty.
Asweconsiderourchanginglanguage,weshouldnoteheretwodevelopmentsthatareofspecialandimmediateimportancetous.OneisthatsincethetimeoftheAnglo-Saxonstherehasbeenanalmostcompletereversalofthedifferentdevicesforshowingtherelationshipofwordsinasentence.Anglo-Saxon(oldEnglish)wasalanguageofmanyinflections.ModernEnglishhasfewinflections.Wemustnowdependlargelyonwordorderandfunctionwordstoconveythemeaningsthattheolderlanguagedidbymeansofchangesintheformsofwords.Functionwords,youshouldunderstand,arewordssuchasprepositions,conjunctions,andafewothersthatareusedprimarilytoshowrelationshipsamongotherwords.Afewinflections,however,havesurvived.Andwhensomewordinflectionscomeintoconflictwithwordorder,theremaybetroublefortheusersofthelanguage,asweshallseelaterwhenweturnourattentiontosuchmatersasWHOorWHOMandMEorI.Thesecondfactwemustconsideristhataslanguageitselfchanges,ourattitudestowardlanguageformschangealso.『Theeighteenthcentury,forexample,producedfromvarioussourcesatendencytofixthelanguageintopatternsnotalwayssetinandgrew,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.』②
1.Incontrasttotheearlierlinguists,modernlinguiststendto.
A.attempttocontinuethestandardizationofthelanguage
B.evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofcurrentspeechratherthanstandardsorproperpatterns
C.bemoreconcernedabouttheimprovementofthelanguagethanitsanalysisorhistory
D.bemoreawareoftherulesofthelanguageusage
2.Choosetheappropriatemeaningfortheword“inflection”usedinline4ofparagraph2.
A.Changesintheformsofwords.
B.Changesinsentencestructures.
C.Changesinspellingrules.
D.Wordsthathavesimilarmeanings.
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?
A.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyear1500canbesetasthebeginningofthemodernEnglishlanguage.
B.SomeotherlanguageshadgreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageatsomestagesofitsdevelopment.
C.TheEnglishlanguagehasbeenandstillinastateofrelativelyconstantchange.
D.ManyclassesorgroupshavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.
4.Theauthoroftheseparagraphsisprobablya(an).
A.historian B.philosopher C.anthropologist D.linguist
5.Whichofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthepassage?
A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.
B.OurchangingattitudetowardstheEnglishlanguage.
C.Ourchanginglanguage.
D.SomecharacteristicsofmodernEnglish.
2
Cultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsoftheinternationalmarketplace.『Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofthemembersofagivensocietyisconstantlyshapedbyasetofdynamicvariables:
language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,technology,education,andsocialinstitutions.』①Tocopewiththissystem,aninternationalmanagerneedsbothfactualandinterpretiveknowledgeofculture.Tosomeextent,thefactualknowledgecanbelearned;itsinterpretationcomesonlythroughexperience.
Themostcomplicatedproblemsindealingwiththeculturalenvironmentstemfromthefactthatonecannotlearnculture—onehastoliveit.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistinthebusinessworldonhowtodealwithculturaldiversity.Oneisthatbusinessisbusinesstheworldaround,followingthemodelofPepsiandMcDonald’s.Insomecases,globalizationisafactoflife;however,culturaldifferencesarestillfarfromconverging.
Theotherschoolproposesthatcompaniesmusttailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures.Settinguppoliciesandproceduresineachcountryhasbeencomparedtoanorgantransplant;thecriticalquestioncentersaroundacceptanceorrejection.Themajorchallengetotheinternationalmanageristomakesurethatrejectionisnotaresultofculturalmyopiaorevenblindness.
Fortuneexaminedtheinternationalperformanceofadozenlargecompaniesthatearn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas.Theinternationallysuccessfulcompaniesallshareanimportantquality:
patience.Theyhavenotrushedintosituationsbutratherbuilttheiroperationscarefullybyfollowingthemostbasicbusinessprinciples.Theseprinciplesaretoknowyouradversary,knowyouraudience,andknowyourcustomer.
1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?
A.Allinternationalmanagerscanlearnculture.
B.Businessdiversityisnotnecessary.
C.Viewsdifferonhowtotreatcultureinbusinessworld.
D.Mostpeopledonotknowforeignculturewell.
2.Accordingtotheauthor,themodelofPepsi.
A.isinlinewiththetheoriesoftheschooladvocatingthebusinessisbusinesstheworldaround
B.isdifferentfromthemodelofMcDonald’s
C.showsthereverseofglobalization
D.hasconvergedculturaldifferences
3.Thetwoschoolsofthought.
A.bothproposethatcompaniesshouldtailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures
B.bothadvocatethatdifferentpoliciesbesetupindifferentcountries
C.admittheexistenceofculturaldiversityinbusinessworld
D.Both Aand B
4.Thisarticleissupposedtobemostusefulforthose.
A.whoareinterestedinresearchingthetopicofculturaldiversity
B.whohaveconnectionstomorethanonetypeofculture
C.whowanttotravelabroad
D.whowanttorunbusinessonInternationalScale
5.AccordingtoFortune,successfulinternationalcompanies.
A.earn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas
B.allhavethequalityofpatience
C.willfollowtheoverseaslocalcultures
D.adoptthepolicyofinternationalization
3
Asregardssocialconventions,wemustsayawordaboutthewell-knownEnglishclasssystem.『ThisisanembarrassingsubjectforEnglishpeople,andonetheytendtobeashamedof,thoughduringthepresentcenturyclass-consciousnesshasgrownlessandless,andtheclasssystemlessrigid.』①Butitstillexistsbelowthesurface.Broadlyspeaking,itmeanstherearetwoclasses,the“middleclass”andthe“workingclass”.(Weshallignoreforamomenttheold“upperclass”,includingthehereditaryaristocracy,sinceitisextremelysmallinnumbers;butsomeofitsmembershavetherighttositintheHouseofLords,andsomenewspaperstakeasurprisinginterestintheirprivatelife.)Themiddleclassconsistschieflyofwell-to-dobusinessmenandprofessionalpeopleofallkinds.Theworkingclassconsistschieflyofmanualandunskilledworkers.
Themostobviousdifferencebetweenthemisintheiraccent.Middle-classpeopleuseslightlyvaryingkindsof“receivedpronunciation”whichisthekindofEnglishspokenbyBBCannouncersandtaughttooverseaspupils.Typicalworking-classpeoplespeakinmanydifferentlocalaccentswhicharegenerallyfelttoberatheruglyanduneducated.OneofthebiggestbarriersofsocialequalityinEnglandisthetwo-classeducationsystem.Tohavebeentoaso-called“publicschool”immediatelymarksyououtasoneofthemiddleclass.Themiddleclassestendtoliveamoreformallifethanworking-classpeople,andareusuallymorecultured.Theirmiddaymealis“lunch”andtheyhavearatherformaleveningmealcalled“dinner”,whereastheworkingman’sdinner,ifhisworkinghourspermit,isatmidday,andhissmaller,late-eveningmealiscalledsupper.
Aswehavesaid,however,theclasssystemismuchlessrigidthanitwas,andforalongtimeithasbeengovernmentpolicytoreduceclassdistinctions.『Working-classstudentsverycommonlyreceiveauniversityeducationandentertheprofessions,andworking-classincomeshavegrownsomuchrecentlythatthedistinctionsbetweenthetwoclassesarebecominglessandlessclear.』②However,regardlessofone’ssocialstatus,certainstandardsofpolitenessareexpectedofeverybody,andawell-bredpersonispolitetoeveryonehemeets,andtreatsalabourerwiththesamerespecthegivesanimportantbusinessman.Servilityinspiresbothembarrassmentanddislike.Eventheword“sir”,exceptinschoolandincertainoccupations(e.g.commerce,thearmyetc.)soundstooserviletobecommonlyused.
1.Themiddleclassmainlyreferstopeople.
A.whowerebornasaristocrat B.whohavetherighttositintheHouseofLords
C.whospeakinmanydifferentlocalaccents
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