书面表达讲解与训练2.docx

书面表达讲解与训练2.docx

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书面表达讲解与训练2

书面表达讲解与训练——如何谋篇布局及学习连接词

一.教学内容：

书面表达讲解与训练

1.如何谋篇布局——写好篇章结构

2.学习连接词——把握连接上下文的关键

（一）写作基础讲解与练习：

掌握如何写好篇章的技巧：

1.注意篇章结构，合理布局

开始部分（Openingparagraph）----说出文中的要点、核心问题。

正文部分（Bodyparagraphs）----围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。

结尾部分（Concludingparagraph）----对全文的总结和概括。

要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。

前后呼应，去除与主题无关的内容。

2.确定主题句

主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。

它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。

通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。

写主题句应注意以下几点：

（1）归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点

（2）提炼出一句具有概括性的话

（3）主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。

下面我们通过例子来学习、体会“主题句”

范例1：

Somethingunpleasanthappenedtousonourwaytothebeach.Inthemorning,whilewewerewaitingtobuytrainticketsintherailwaystation,abusdrivercameovertous.Hetoldushealsowasgoingtothebeach,theridewascheap,andthebuswasair-conditioned.Wefeltgratefulandgotonhisbus.Asweweretalkinghappilyontheway,thebussuddenlystopped.Thedriversaidheneededtwohourstorepairtheengine.Whilehewasworkingontheengine,heturnedofftheair-conditioner.Heactuallytookfourhourstofinishhisjob,andwespentthewholemorningsweatingintheheat!

范例2：

IamanactiveboyandItalkmorethanlisten.WhenItalkwithmyfriends,I’malwaysreadytoexpressmyself.I’mnotafraidtotellotherswhatIthink.IamusuallythefocusoftheattentionbecauseIoftenhavelotsofideasthatinteresteveryone.Inmyopinion,peopleshouldshareandexchangeeachother’sideas.ButwhenIamwiththequietpeopleIfeeltheairisfrozen.I’malwaystryingtofindatopicandstartaconversation.Inthisway,Peoplewilllikemeandfeelhappy.

Inaword,IamoptimisticandactiveandIcanmakeeverybodyasconfidentasme.

范例3：

根据下面表格以“ChangesinPeople’sDiet ”为题写一篇短文。

审题列提纲：

（1）statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;

（2）givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;

（3）drawyourownconclusions.

Dietisveryimportantinpeople’slife.From1986to1990,people’sdietchangedalot.Grainwasnolongerregardedasthemainfood.Andastheproportion（比例）offruitandvegetabledeclined,theconsumptionofmilkandmeatincreased.

Whatcausedthesechanges?

Therearetworeasons.Oneisthatwiththedevelopmentofscience,peoplebegantorealizetheimportanceofmaintainingabalanceddiet.Theotheristhatpeoplehadmoremoneytospendandcouldaffordmoreexpensivefood.Theytriedtochangetheirlow-priceddietintoamorevariedone.Theywereeagertobuildupastrongbodybyimprovingtheirlivingstandards.

Withthedevelopmentofoureconomyandimprovementofourfoodsupply,furtherchangeswilltakeplaceinpeople’sdiet.

看高考题体会主题句及篇章布局：

98年高考学生范文

Ihadbeenlookingforwardtotodayforlong!

Seveninthemorningwegatheredatourschoolgate,andthen,wesix-gradestudentsofNo.1MiddleSchoolwenttoRedStarFarmforavisit.Onarrivingthere,wewerewelcomedwarmlybytheguardandseveralfarmers.Thentheguardshowedusaroundthewholefarm.Wewereallstruckbythesightofhardworking.Inthenoonwehadawonderfulpicniconthegrass.WeweresogladthatafterlunchweturnedontheradiocarriedbyMingming.Mostofusdancedtomusichappily,whileothersalsoenjoyedthemselvestalkingtogether.Fourintheafternoon,wesaidgoodbyetotheguardandallthefarmers.Whataniceday!

本篇文章思路清晰，要点明确，前后呼应，加强了文章的整体性。

高考书面表达参考答案：

Todaywevisitedafarm.Earlyinthemorningwemetattheschoolgateandwenttheretogether.Thefarmworkersgaveusawarmwelcome.Thentheheadofthefarmshowedusaround.Howgladweweretoseethecropsandvegetablesgrowingwell.Atnoonwehadapicniclunchinthesunshine.Afterashortrest,wehadgreatfunsinginganddancing,tellingjokesorstories.Twoofusevenplayedagameofchess.Thetimepassedquickly.Beforeweknewit,wehadtosaygoodbyetotheworkers.

（二）学习连接词---把握连接上下文的关键

要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词

下面请你认真学习并学会运用下列常见连接词

表示罗列增加

first,second,third,

first,then/next,afterthat/next,finally

foronething…foranother…,

on（the）onehand…ontheotherhand,

besides/what’smore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,

especially/Inparticular,

表示时间顺序

now,atpresent,recently,

after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,

atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,

later,next,finally,

immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themoment

fromnowon,fromthenon,

atthesametime,meanwhile,

till,not...until,before,after,when,while,as,during,

表示解释说明

now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreover

furthermore,infact,actually

表示转折关系

but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except（for）,instead,ofcourse,afterall,

表示并列关系

or,and,also,too,notonly...butalso,aswellas,both...and,either...or,neither...nor

表示因果关系

because,becauseof,since,nowthat,as,thanksto...,dueto...,therefore,asaresult（of）,otherwise,so…that,such…that

表示条件关系

as（so）longas,onconditionthat,if,unless

表示让步关系

though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whether...or...,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow（who,what,which,where,when,whom）

表示举例

forexample,forinstance,suchas...,take...forexample

表示比较

besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith（to）...justlike,

justas,

表示目的

forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,

表示强调

indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,

obviously,aboveall,

表示概括归纳

inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,

asfarasIknow,Asweallknow,ashasbeenstated，asIhaveshown,

finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,

看高考题体会连接词的运用：

2001高考试题

DearDick,

Hownicetohearfromyouagain.YouwanttoknowwhatisgoingoninschoolsinChina?

Inshort,thingshavebeguntoimprovesinceschoolswerecalledontoreducelearningload.Idon’tknowaboutothers,butIusedtohaveworkevenatweekendsdoingendlesshomeworkandattendingclassesaswell.NowIhavemorefreetime.Icanfollowmyowninterestssuchasreadingbooks,visitingmuseums,andtakingcomputerlessons.IntheeveningsIcanwatchnewsonTVorreadnewspapers.What’smore,Icangotobedearlier.AsfarasIknow,everyoneishappyaboutthisnewarrangementofthings.

Bestwishes,

LiHua

用所给的词完成下面短文：

finally,then,atfirst,afterthat

Ihadabadcoldlastweek.__________,Ihadarunningnose,butIdidnottakeitseriously.________Ibegantocough.________,Ihadafeverandfeltweak.___________,Iwassenttohospitalandhadtolieinbedforthreedays.

答案：

Atfirst,Then,Afterthat,Finally

and,but,finally,immediately,now,atfirst,oneday,then,so,

Thenaughtyboyinthestory“TheBoyWhoCriedWolf”hasgrownup._______heworksasaweathermaninhisvillage._________hestudiedtheweathercarefully_______foundthatastormwascoming.____________,hetoldallthevillagerstoprepareforthebadweather,______noonebelievedhim.__________,theweatherwasfine,________thevillagerssaidthattheyoungmanwaslyingagain.________theweathersuddenlychanged________astormwindcame.Allthevillagerstriedtosavethecrops_______itwastoolate._________,thestormruinedallthecrops.

答案：

Now,Oneday,and,Immediately,but,Atfirst,so,Then,and,but,Finally

but,moreover,ofcourse,foronething,inaddition,however,first,furthermore,then,second

ForeigncarsareoftenmoreexpensivetoownintheUnitedStatesthanAmerican-madecars.___________,foreigncarscostmoretobuy._________,therearereasonsforthis.Thequalityofworkmanshipthatgoesintomakingthemisveryhigh._______,hightariffs（关税）onmanyforeignmodelshaveraisedprices.___________,foreigncarsoftencostmoretoregister._________,insuranceratescanbehigher._________,partsandrepaircostsaremuchgreaterthantheyareforAmericancars._________,therearesomefinancialadvantagestoowningaforeigncars.______,manyofthemgetbettergasmileage,andtheyneednewtireslessoftenthanAmericancarsdo._____,theirresalevalueishigher.Thepriceofayear-oldforeigncarmaybeonly$300lessthanwhatitcostnew.______thepriceforayear-oldAmericancarwillbearound$1,000less.

答案：

ForeigncarsareoftenmoreexpensivetoownintheUnitedStatesthanAmerican-madecars.Foronething,foreigncarscostmoretobuy.Ofcourse,therearereasonsforthis.Thequalityofworkmanshipthatgoesintomakingthemisveryhigh.Then,hightariffs（关税）onmanyforeignmodelshaveraisedprices.Furthermore,foreigncarsoftencostmoretoregister.Inaddition,insuranceratescanbehigher.Moreover,partsandrepaircostsaremuchgreaterthantheyareforAmericancars.However,therearesomefinancialadvantagestoowningforeigncars.First,manyofthemgetbettergasmileage,andtheyneednewtireslessoftenthanAmericancarsdo.Second,theirresalevalueishigher.Thepriceofayear-oldforeigncarmaybeonly$300lessthanwhatitcostnew.Butthepriceforayear-oldAmericancarwillbearound$1,000less.

【模拟试题】

I.高考试题单选——连接词部分练习：

1.Johnshuteverybodyoutofthekitchen______hecouldpreparehisgrandsurprisefortheparty.（2002）

A.whichB.whenC.sothatD.asif

2.Hewasabouttotellmethesecret______someonepattedhimontheshoulder.（2002Shanghai）

A.asB.untilC.whileD.when

3.Iwouldappreciateit_________youcallbackthisafternoonforthedoctor’sappointment.（2003Shanghai）

A.untilB.ifC.whenD.that

4.________Iknowthemoneyissafe,Is