法律英语考试参考华中农业大学通识选课.docx

法律英语考试参考华中农业大学通识选课.docx

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法律英语考试参考华中农业大学通识选课

法律英语

WhatarethespecialdutiesforU.SHouseofRepresentatives?

（代表制）

（1）.impeach,orbringchargesagainstthepresidentorfederalofficial

（2）Chooseapresidentifnocandidatereceivesamajorityofelectoralvotes.

2.Howdoesthesystemofchecksandbalances（政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡）inAmericanconstitutionguaranteesthatnopartofthegovernmentbecomestoopowerful?

（1）Congressmaypasslaws,butthePresidentcanvetothem.

（2）ThePresidentcanvetolaws,butCongresscanoverride（推翻）thevetowitha2/3vote.

（3）ThePresidentandCongressmayagreeonalaw,buttheSupremeCourtcandeclarealawunconstitutional.

（4）ThePresidentcanappointJudgesandothergovernmentofficials,butSenate（参议院）mustapprovethem.

（5）SupremeCourtjudgeshavelifeterms,buttheycanbeimpeached（弹劾）.

3.WhyisConstitutioncalledthehighestlawoftheland?

（1）WhattheConstitutionconcernsaboveallarefundamentalissuesoftheState;

（2）Itservesasthebasisofenacting（致力于）allotherlawsandregulations,anylawscontravening（违反）theconstitutionalprovisions（规定）arenullandavoid;

（3）Theproceduresforadopting（采用）andamending（修改）itarefarmorestringent（严厉）andcautiousthananyotherlawsandregulations.

4.WhatarethemainsourcesofChina'sconstitutionallaw?

（1）ConstitutionalCode（宪法典）--Constitution（1982）

（2）Constitutionalamendments（宪法修正案）---31clauses（条款）ofamendments（1988,1993and2004）

（3）Constitutionalacts（法律）mainlyrelatingtothepowers（权利）oftheStateandbasicrightsofthecitizen.

5.WhatarethebasicrightsofChinesecitizensstipulated（保证）inconstitutionofChina?

（1）Rightstoequality

（2）Politicalrights

（3）Personalrights

（4）Social,economic,educationalandcultualrights.

（5）Specialperson'srights.（特定主体）

6.WhatarethebasicprincipleoftheContract（合同）Law?

（1）principleofequality

（2）principleofvoluntariness（自愿）

（3）principleofgoodfaith（诚信）

（4）principleofabiding（遵守）bythelawsandregulations,observing（尊重）socialethics（道德标准）andthesocioeconomicorder（社会经济秩序）

（5）principleofperformingobligations（履行义务）

7.HowcanyouunderstandrightstoequalitystipulatedinChina'sConstitution?

（1）Allcitizensregardlessofethnic（种族）status（地位）,race,sex,occupation,familybackground,religiousbelief,education,properlystatus（妥善地位）orlengthofresidence（居住期限）,mayequallyenjoytheconstitutionalandstatutoryrights（法定权利）,andequallyperformobligationsprescribed（规定）bythem.

（2）Thelegalrightsandinterestsofanypersonaresubjecttoequalprotection.Theviolations（违反）ofthelawshouldbebroughttojustice.

（3）Noprivilege（特权）isallowedbeforethelaw.

8.Whataretherequirementsofanacceptanceinconcludingacontract?

（1）anoffermustbeacceptedbytheofferee（受要约人）,notbe（=notby）athirdparty.

（2）theacceptancemustbeunequivocal（明确）.

（3）inmostcases,theacceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferor（要约人）【接受要约必须传达】.

9.Onwhatwayswillanofferterminate（终止）?

（1）Theofferorcanwithdraw（撤销）anofferatanytimebeforeacceptance.

（2）Theofferitselfmayspecifythat（指明）itwilllapse（失效）afterasetlengthoftime.

（3）Theofferormaydieorlosethelegalcapacity（法定资格，身份）tocontract.

10.Asfarasdischargeofcontractisconcernedwhataretheprovisions（规定）undercontinentallawsystem（大陆法系）?

（1）Payment

（2）Deposit【提存】（3）set-off【抵消】（4）Release【免除】（5）Merger【混同】

11.WhataretheprovisionsunderChineselawsystemondischargeofcontract?

（1）.performedobligation,theobligationwereperformedinaccordancewiththecontract

（2）.terminatedorrescinded

（3）setoff（相互抵消）

（4）subjectmatterdeposit.

（5）Theobligeereleaedtheobligorfromobligations

（6）Boththeobligatoryrightsandobligatoryliabilitieswereassumedbyoneparty

（7）providedbylaworprescribedinadvancebyparties.

12.Whataretheelements（基础）foracontracttobelegallybinding（有约束力）?

（1）Itmustshowagreement,includingoffer,acceptance,andmutuality（相互依存）.

（2）Itmustinvolvetwoormorepartieshavingthelegalcapacitytocontract.

（3）Itmustbeforalegalpurpose.

（4）Itmustbeinthecorrectform---forexample,certaincontractsmustbeinwriting.

13.WhatareChineseCitizen'sobligationsinaccordancewith（依照）China'sconstitution?

（1）Unityofthecountryandnationalities（国家和名族的统一）.

（2）Obedienceto（服从）thelaw

（3）Keepingstatesecrets

（4）Militaryservice

（5）Paymentoftaxes

14.WhataretheprimarysourcesofAmericanlaw?

（1）Constitutions

（2）Treaties（条约）

（3）Statutes（成文法）

（4）Administrativerulesanddecisions（行政规则和决议）

（5）Executiveorders（行政命令，总统命令）

（6）Courtdecisions

（7）Cases（=law-judge-made）

15.Whatarethesecondarysources（第二类）ofAmericanlaw?

Booksandarticlesthatsummarizeandclarify（总结明确）theprimarysourcesoflaw.Legalencyclopedias（百科全书）,compilations（法律汇编）（eg,Restatementoflaw）,officialcommentstostatutes,treatises（专著，论文）articlesinlawreviews（评论suchasHarvardLawReview）publishedbylawschools,andarticlesinotherlegaljournalsareexamplesofsecondarysourcesoflaw.

二.TermExplanation

1Minor

Aminorisapersonwhohasnotyetreachedtheageofmajority.Inmoststate,theageofmajorityis18（includingChina）forcontractpurposes.

2.contractlaw

Contractlawisageneralterm（总括）ofthelegalnorm（规范）regulating（调节）theagreementestablishing（建立）,modifying（修改）andterminating（终结，确立）thecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting.【平等主体】

3.Acceptance

Acceptanceistheofferee'smanifestationofintentiontoenterintoabindingagreementonthetermsstatedintheoffer.【承诺是受要约人在表现形式的基础上,想要进入一个具有法律约束力的合约条款中规定提供。

】

4.unilateralcontract（单方合同）

Aunilateralcontractisanagreementinwhichonepartymakesapromise,andonlythatpartyhasanyobligationsunderthetermsofthecontract.（根据合同条款）

5.Executedcontract（已执行的合同）

Acontractthathasbeenfullyperformedonbothsidesiscalledanexecutedcontract.

6.executorycontract（待履行的合同）

Ifonepartyhasfullyperformedbuttheotherhasnot,thecontractissaidtobeexecutedontheonesideandexecutoryontheothersidebutthecontractisstillclassified（分类）asexecutorycontract.

7.law--lawisasetofenforcedrules（执行规则）thatgovern（管理）theactionsofpeopleinasociety,Theserulesmustbefollowedbycitizens,andviolation（违反）oftheserulesmaygiverisetoacauseofactioninthecourts.

8.Contract

Acontractisanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersons,orotherorganizations.

9.expresscontract（明示合同）

Anexpresscontractisanexplicit（明确的）agreementinwhichthepartiesspellouttheterms（条款）andmanifest（显示）theirassent（赞同）eitheronwritingororally（口头上）.

10.Offer---anofferisapromiseorcommitment（=promise）toperformorrefrain（禁止）formperformingsomethinginthefuture.

11.Counteroffer（反要约）

Counterofferistheproposal（提议）byanoffereeofdifferentcontracttermsfromthosesubmittedbytheofferer.

12.precedent（先例）

Precedentisaprincipleorruleestablishedinalegalcasethatacourtorotherjudicialbody（司法机关）mayapply（适用）whendecidingsubsequentcases（随后的情况）withsimilarissuesorfacts.

13Familylaw---familylawdetermines（确定）thelegalrightsandobligationsofhusbandsandwivesandofparentsandchildren.

14.Sourcesoflaw---referstothemethodsandproceduresbywhichthelawiscreatedanddeveloped,ortheoriginfromwhichparticularlaws（特定法律）derivetheirauthorityorcoercive（强制）force.

15.Constitution---isasetofrulesandprinciplethatdefine（定义）thepowersofagovernmentandtherightsofthepeople.

三．翻译。

四．Cases

1.Petersues（起诉）Mary.Marythinksthatthejudgesinthiscaseshouldrule（判决，裁决）inherfavor（有利）.Becausethejudgesincasesthatinvolvedcircumstancessimilartothoseinthiscasehaveruledinawaythatindicatestheaboveruling.

Question:

IfMaryargueshisway,isthisavalidargument?

Doesthejudgeinthiscasehavetoruleasthoseotherjudges?

Itdependsonthedifferentlawsystems.

Yes,Mary'sargumentisvalid.Underthedoctrineofstaredecisis（遵循先例原则，判例约束说）,judgesaregenerallyboundtofollowtheprecedentssetintheirjurisdictions（司法权，裁判权）bythejudgeswhohavedecidedsimilarcases.（commonlawcountries）

No,Ajudgedoesnotalwayshavetoruleasotherjudgeshave.Hecandepartfromprecedent（不遵循先例）.（civillawcounties）

2.例子。

。

。

Itdependsonwhetherpostalruleorreceiptrulewouldapplyhere.

（1）.Ifpostal（mailbox）ruleapplied,theacceptencewaseffectivebecausethetelegramhadbeensent.Therefore,thecontractwasmadebetweenCompanyXandY.（commomlawcountries）.

（2）.Ifreceiptruleappliedhere,thetelegramdeliveredcouldnotbeaneffectiveacceptancebecauseithadbeenerroneouslydeliveredtoCompanyZ.Moreover,therevocationofacceptancewasreceivedbyCompanyYbeforecompanyXreceivethetelegram,therefore,therewasnocontractbetweenCompanyXandY.（civillawcounties）.

试卷形式：

I.Short-answerQuestions（10题，40分）

II.TermExplanation（10题，25分）

III.English-ChineseTranslation（1题，10分）

IV.Tellwhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.

V.Casestudy（1题10分）