普通语言学离线作业答案.docx
- 文档编号:12646513
- 上传时间:2023-04-21
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:67.94KB
普通语言学离线作业答案.docx
《普通语言学离线作业答案.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《普通语言学离线作业答案.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
普通语言学离线作业答案
浙江大学远程教育学院
《普通语言学》课程作业答案
AnswerstoExercises
(1)
I.Directions:
Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethe
lettergiven.
1.synchronic
2.allophones
3.derivational
4.transformational
5.synonyms
6.perlocutionary_
7.Conqueror
8.speech
9.utterance
10.root
IIDirections:
Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.
11.T
12.F.
13.F.
14.T
15.F.Thesetwolinguisticformsdifferinsensebutasamatteroffact,theyrefertothesamestar.
16.F.Themeaningofasentenceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.
17.T
18.T
19.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthe
twoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.
20.T
III.Directions:
Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.
21.Arbitrarinessisoneofthedesi&1featureswhichdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample,differentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesameobject.
22.Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itisconcernedwithallthespeech,soundsusedinallhumanlanguages.
23.Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
24.Themaximofquality,oneofthefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple,requirestheparticipantsnottosaywhattheybelievetobefalseandnottosaythatforwhichtheylackadequateevidencewhenmakingconversation.
25.Synchroniclinguisticsreferstothestudyofvariationinlanguageindifferentplaces_damongdifferentgroupsatagivenpointintime.
26.Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguagecoexistinaspeech
community,eachwithadistinctmangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.
27.TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisisatheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.
IV.Directions:
Answerthefollowingquestions.
28.
Sentencemeaningreferstoasentenceandisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceis
oftenstudiedastheabstrac,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.
Utterancemeaningreferstoasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.It
becomesanutteranceanditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyutteredorused.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning.Sentencemeaningisconcreteandcontext-dependentandutterancemeaningisabstractandde-contextualized.
Forexample:
thedogisbarking;mybagisheavy.
Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwearetreatingitasasentence.
Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.
Mostutterancesarecompletesentencesintermsofsyntax,someutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenbe
restoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!
”“Hi!
”and“Ouch!
”areallutterances,which
meaningincommunication.If“Goodmorning!
”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning,”wedon
formwhichcompletesentences“Hi!
”“Ouch!
"havebeenderived.
AnswerstoExercise
(2)
I.Directions:
Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.
1.Phonology'2.allophone3.Bound4.syntax5.situational
6.Utterance7.sense8.idiolect9.affixes10.Morphology
IIDirections:
Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthe'bracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.
11.F.Modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.
12.T
13.T
14.T
15.T
16.F.Pragmaticsanalysesutterancesincloseconnectionwiththeircontextsofsituation.
17.F.Alllivinglanguageschangewithtime.Alanguage,likeLatinwhichisnolongerspokenbythegeneralpublicofasociety,doesnotchange.'
18.F.Inviewoflanguageasaneffectivemeansofcommunication,nosingledialect,beitstandardornonstandard,isanymorecorrect,anymorelogical,oranypurerthananyotherdialectofthelanguage.Alldialectsofalanguageareequallyeffectiveinexpressingideas.
19.F.Itisthelefthemispherethathas"directed"thataction.
20.F.Becausesyntacticmovementdoesnotoccurtoallsentences,theD-structureandSstructureofsomesentenceslookexactlythesameatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.
III.Directions:
Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.
21.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Itreferstothataspectoflanguagewhichmakesitpossibleforitsuserstoconstructandinterpretaninfinitenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
22.Voicelessinphoneticsreferstothesoundsproducedwhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideaparttoletairgothroughthemwithoutcausingvibration.
23.Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
24.UniversalGrammarorUGwasatheoryproposedanddevelopedbyNoamChomskyandothergenerativelinguistssincethe-early1980's.Alsoknownastheprinciple-and-parameterstheory,UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsomegeneralprinciplesandParametersaboutnaturallanguages.
25.Polysemyreferstothelexicalphenomenonthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
26.Illocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.Forexample,intheutterance"Youhaveleftthe'doorwideopen",theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristoasksomeonetoclosethedoor.
27.Aspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity,andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Aspeechcommunitycanbeassmallasafamilyoraslargeasanation.
IV.Directions:
Answerthefollowingquestions.
28.
Similarities:
bothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandthe
actualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.
Differences:
Chomsky
scomp
e-ptenr
fcoermancedistinctionisnotexactlythesameas,thoughsimilarto,F.de.
Saussure'slang-puaeroledistinction.Langueisasocialproduct,andasetofconventionsforacommunity,whilecompetenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalorsociolinguisticspointofviewthanN.Chomskysincethelatterdealswithhisissuerspsychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.
AnswerstoExercise(3)
I.Directions:
Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.
1.descriptive-2.distinctive3.Morphology4.principles5.sense
6.Pragmatics7.affixes
8.regional
9.sentence
10.hierarchical
II.Directions:
Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.
11.T
12.T
13.F.Arootispartofaword,whichisnotafreemorphemebutaboundmorpheme.Itcanneverbeusedindependently.
14.F.Becausesyntacticmovementdoesnotoccurtoallsentences,theD-structureandSstructureofsomesentenceslookexactlythesameatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.
15.F."Symbol"inthiscontextreferstothelinguisticelementslikewordsorphrases.
16.T
17.T
18.T
19.T."
20.F.MajorsyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNP,VP,andPP,andword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatserveasheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandV.
III.Directions:
Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.
21.Duality,oneofthedesignfeatureswhichdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,referstothetwosetsofstructuresorthetwolevelsofthesystemoflanguage.Oneisastructureofmeaninglesssoundsatthelowerorbasiclevelandtheotheristheunitsofmeaningatthehigherlevel.
22.Phonologyisabranchoflearningconcernedwiththesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguagefrompatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
23.Freemorphemesarethosecontainingonlyonemorpheme,whichareindependentUnitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.
24.TheX-bartheoryisawidelyrecognizedandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasestructurerulesintoasingleformat:
X"-+(spec)X(Compl).
25.Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarity
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 普通 语言学 离线 作业 答案