教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点44.docx
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教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点44.docx
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教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点44
教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点(4.4)(Teacherqualificationexamination,middleschooleducation,knowledgeandcompetence,chapter4.4)
Teacherqualificationexamination,middleschooleducation,knowledgeandcompetence,chapter4.4
Thefourthsectionislearningtransfer
I.overviewofmigration
(1)themeaningoflearningtransfer;
Transferoflearningisakindofstudyontheimpactofanotherkindoflearning,thatisinakindofknowledge,skillsandattitudesinthecontextofknowledge,skillsandattitudesinanothersituationintheaffected.Inaddition,theuseoftheknowledgeandskillstosolvetheproblemalsoincludesthetransferoflearning.Themigrationisnotonlythepreviouslearningeffectonlaterlearning,butalsotoinfluencesubsequentlearningonpreviouslearning.
(two)typesofmigration;
1.,positivetransfer,negativetransferandzerotransfer
Accordingtothedifferentnatureofmigration,themigrationeffectofdifferentdivisionoflearningtransferisdividedintopositiveandnegativetransfer,positivetransferreferstoakindoflearningapositiveeffectonanotherkindofstudy,producethelearningeffect.Thenegativetransferreferstobetweentwokindsoflearningmutualinterference,zerobarriers.Transferreferstoastudyonanotherkinddoesnothaveapositiveimpact,alsodoesnothaveanegativeimpact.
2.horizontalmigrationandverticalmigration
Accordingtothemigrationofdifferentcontentsofabstractionandgeneralizationleveldivision,transferisdividedintohorizontalmigrationandverticalmigrationstudy.Horizontalmigrationoflateralmigrationalsoreferstotheinteractionofthesamelevelofgeneralizationexperience.4.Theverticalmigrationalsocalledverticalmigration,whichisthemutualinfluencebetweendifferentlevelsofgeneralizationexperiencespecifically.Isahighlevelofgeneralization,theexperiencewiththemutualinfluencebetweenthelowerlevelofthegeneralizationofexperience.Theverticalmigrationintwoaspects:
oneisthebottomofthetransfer,twoisatop-downmigration.
3.generaltransferandspecifictransfer
Accordingtothedifferentcontentsofmigrationanddivision,transferoflearningisdividedintogeneralandspecificmigrationmigration.Generalmigrationmigration,alsoknownasthecommonnonspecialmigration,isakindoflearningintheacquisitionofgeneralprinciple,methods,strategiesandattitudestomigratetoanotherkindoflearning.Thespecificmigrationalsocalledspecialmigration,referstothespecialthespecificexperience,astudyintheacquisitionofdirecttransfertoanotherkindoflearning,orthroughsomeelementsoftherecombinationoftomigratetothenewsituation.
4.assimilativemigration,adaptivemigrationandrecombinantmigration
Accordingtotheinternalpsychologicalmechanismforthemigrationprocessofdifferentdivision,transferoflearningisdividedintoassimilationofmigration,migrationandreorganizationofcompliancetransfer.Assimilativetransfermeansdoesnotchangetheoriginalcognitivestructure,cognitiveexperiencedirectlytotheoriginalapplicationtoaclassofessentialcharacteristicsofthingsinthesametotheoriginalcognitivestructure.Nosubstantivechangesinthemigrationprocess,justgetafullcompliance.Migrationreferstotheapplicationoftheoriginalcognitiveexperienceinnewsituation,needtoadjusttheoriginalexperienceorexperienceofoldandnewtobesummarized,theformationofahigherlevelofcognitivestructuretoaccommodatethenewexperience,inordertoadapttothechangesintheoutsideworldtherecombinanttransferreferstotherecombinationofsomeelementsorcomponentsintheoriginalcognitivesystem,adjustingtherelationshipamongthecomponentsortheestablishmentofanewrelationship,whichappliedtothenewsituation.Intheprocessofrestructuring,thebasicexperienceThecompositionisconstant,buttherelationbetweenthecomponentshaschanged,thatis,toadjustorrecombine
5.,forwardmigrationandreversemigration
Fromthepointofviewofmigration,migrationcanbedividedintoforwardandbackwardmigration,whichreferstotheinfluenceofpriorlearningonsubsequentlearning.Reversetransferistheinfluenceofsuccessivelearningonpriorlearning
(three)theroleofmigration
1.forthetransfercanpromotetoimprovetheabilitytosolveproblems.Theultimategoaloflearningistobeappliedtopracticalknowledgeandexperienceindifferentkindsofsituations.Intheschoolsituation,mostoftheproblemisrealizedthroughmigration,migrationisaconcretemanifestationofstudents'problemsolving.Theschoolwilltheknowledgeandskillstosolvepracticalproblemsoutside,italsodependsonthemigration.
2.,migrationisaneffectivewaytogeneralizeandsystematizetheacquiredexperience,
Isthekeyabilityandcharacterformation,migrationisakeylinktotransformknowledge,skillsandbehaviornormstoacquisitionabilityandcharacter.Onlythroughextensivemigration,theoriginalexperiencetoreform,tosummarizeandsystematize.
3.migrationhasanimportantguidingroleforlearners,educatorsandrelatedpersonneltraining.Themigrationwillhelpguideandimproveteachingeffect,promotestudentstolearnmoreeffectively.Theeffectiveapplicationofthetransferprinciple,learnerscaninthelimitedtimetolearnfasterandbetter,andintheappropriatecontext,activeaccurateapplicationoftheoriginalexperience,topreventtheinertingexperience.
Two,learnthebasictheoryofmigration
(1)earlymigrationtheory
1.formtrainingtheory
FormaltrainingistheFacultyofpsychologyrepresentedbyWolfbasedonlearning,aphenomenonfirstexplained.Migrationisthementalfacultiestogetthetraininganddevelopmentoffunctionaltrainingresults,asofmuscletraining.Attentionandmemoryfacultiesareavailablethroughvariousformsoftrainingandenhanced,andautomaticallymigratetootherformsoftrainingactivities.Thatmigrationisunconditionalandautomatic.Forfunctionaltraining,thekeyisnotthecontentofthetraining,butthetrainingform,becausethecontentisofteneasytoforget,theeffectistemporary,buttheformispermanent.
FormaltraininghasbeenpopularinEuropeandAmericafornearly200years.Becauseofitslackofscientificbasis,ithasarousedsuspicionandoppositionfromsomeresearchers
2.,thesameelementsaid
Thorndikesaidthatthesamefactors,astudyhasonanotherlearningeffect,isthattheyhavethesameelements.Thenthewoodwarthsaidthesameelementsinsteadofcommonelements,isacommonoccurrencetocomponentmigrationintwokindsofactivities.
ThesameelementsofThorndikesaidatthetimeoftheeducationsectorhasplayedapositiverole,maketheschooloutofthatintheformoftrainingundertheinfluenceofnotconsideringtheactuallifetofocusonlyontheformoftrainingteachinginthecourseoftheso-called,begantopayattentiontopayattentiontotheapplicationsubject,teachingcontentarrangementasfaraspossibleandthefutureapplicationofcombining.
ButthesameelementsproposedbyThorndikesaidisactuallystartingfromtheconnectionistview,onlyreferstotheelementsoflearningcontentinone-to-onecorrespondence,theso-calledcommonstimulusresponseAssociation,andfailedtofullyconsidertheinternalchangesoflearningprocess,andthereforefailedtorevealthetrueessenceofdeepmigration.
3.,thetheoryofempiricalgeneralization
TherepresentativeexperiencetheoryistheAmericanpsychologistJudd.ThistheoryisbasedonJuddintheI908yearsofthe"underwaterstriketarget"classicexperiments.Experiencetheorybelievesthatthegeneralprincipleandexperienceisthekeytomigration,migrationdependsonthegeneralprincipleoftherelationshipbetweentheunderstandingofmemoryinthenewsituation.Theroleoftheprincipleoflearningmorethoroughly,tothenewsituationadaptabilityisstronger,themigrationisbetter.
Transferisthekeytolearnersaresummedup,andtwokindsofactivitieshavethecommonprincipleorgeneralizedexperience.Experiencetheoryemphasizestheroleofthegeneralexperienceofmigration,emphasizingtheprincipleofunderstanding,whichismorethanthesameelementshaveprogress.Butgeneralizationtheexperienceisonlyoneoftheeffectsofmigrationoftheconditionsofsuccess,andnotallthemigration.
4.,thetheoryofrelationshiptransformation
TherepresentativeofthistheoryistheGestaltpsychologists,supportthetheoryofclassicexperimentsiscohlerL929dothechickenfeedingexperiment.Gestaltstressedinsightisadecisionofthetransferoflearningfactors.Theyprovethatsubstantivemigrationproducesistheindividualunderstandingtherelationshipbetweenthings.Learningexperiencecantransferthewholedependingontherelationshipbetweenthevariouselementscanunderstandtherelationshipbetweentheabilitytounderstandtheprincipleandpracticalthings.Theindividualcanfindtherelationshipbetweenthings,themoreabletogeneralize,promotion,transferisalsomorecommon.
(two)moderntransfertheory
1.Ausubel'stheoryofcognitivestructure
AmericaneducationalpsychologistAusubelproposedcognitivestructuretheory,arguesthatanymeaningfullearningiscarriedoutonthebasisofpastlearning,meaningfullearninginamigration.Theoriginalcognitivestructureclarity,stability,generality,inclusiveness,coherenceandauthenticityandothercharacteristicsarealwaysaffectnewlearningtoobtainandmaintain.Thistheoryrepresentsfromthecognitiveperspectivetoexplainamainstreammigration.
Followingthe2.aft
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