英美简明教程上.docx
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英美简明教程上.docx
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英美简明教程上
OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature(中世纪英语时期文学)
Understandingandapplication:
(理解应用)
1. England’sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans(罗马),AngloSaxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人)andNormans(日耳曼).TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization(地中海文明),includingGreekculture(古希腊文化),Romelaw(罗马法律)andtheChristianreligion(基督教).ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.
2.TheoldEnglishliterature(古英语文学)extendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.
3.TheoldEnglishpoetry(古英语诗)thathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:
Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone(宗教类和世俗类)
4.Beowulf(贝尔武夫):
atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepic(民族史诗)oftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.
一、GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿(JohnDryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Writingstyle:
wisdom,humor,humanity.
作品:
firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish
③
⑤
1.Heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体):
Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.itisthemostcommonEnglishmeter,inwhicheachfootcontainsanunaccentedsyllableandanaccentedsyllablecanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.
2.“TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:
(乔叟的贡献)①ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.②InTheRomauntoftheRose(玫瑰传奇),hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet(八音节对偶句).③InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.④Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.⑤HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.
Chapter1:
TheRenaissancePeriod文艺复兴
TheRenaissance:
TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:
①There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture古罗马和古希腊文化的发掘
②Thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology地理天文大发现,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion席卷欧洲的宗教改革.
③TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
2.Humanism:
(人文主义)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
1.EdmundSpencer(斯宾塞):
Thepoets’poet.(后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
)ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey
①Spenser'smostimportantwork&masterpieceis
Artisticfeatures:
1.UsingSpenserianStanza
SpenserianStanza斯宾塞诗节:
astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.
②
ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.
③
3.领会HisInfluenceMainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry
①aperfectmelody
②araresenseofbeauty
③asplendidimagination
④aloftymoralpurity&seriousness
⑤adedicatedidealism
ChristopherMarlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛),heisthemostoutstandingdramatistamongthegroup“UniversityWits”大学才子.HeisacknowledgedasthegreatesttragedywriterbeforeWilliamShakespeare.
Tamburlaine,PartsI&II《铁木耳大帝,第一部和第二部》
TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorEaustus(浮士德医生)generallyconsideredhisbestplay
TheJewofMalta(马耳他岛的犹太人)
EdwardII《爱德华二世》
non-dramaticpoetry“Hero&LeanderThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove”《多情的牧羊人致情人歌》HisAchievements&Influence
Achievements:
Marlowe'sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse(素体诗)&madeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.
HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.
ThethemeofhisworksisthepraiseoftheRenaissancespirit.
Hisinfluence:
Amanofwidelearning,Marlowewasoneoftheextraordinarypoets&playwrightsofhistime."Marlowe'smightyline,"asBenJonsoncalledhisblankverse,wasoneofthemostimportantcontributionstotheartofEnglishliterature.
Blankverse素体诗:
writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.whichwasmasteryhandledbyShakespeareandMilton。
WilliamShakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616playwright,poet
评价comments:
WidelyregardedasthegreatestwriterinEnglishliterature
莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森(BenJohnson)--他不属于一个时代,而是属于永恒。
(Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime.)
作品:
Historicalplays:
HenryVI;HenryIV:
RichardIII;HenryV;RichardII;HenryVIII
FourComedies:
③FourTragedies:
④ShakespeareSonnet:
154
Sonnet十四行诗:
Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.
Shakespeare’swritingcharacteristics
1.Theprogressivesignificanceofthetheme--humanism
2.Thesuccessfulcharacterportrayal—women’scharacters
3.Themasterhandinconstructingtheplot
4.Theingenuityofhispoetry
5.Themasteryofhislanguage
文学地位:
Shakespearewrotesomethirty-eightplays.Takenindividually,severalofthemareamongtheworld'sfinestwrittenworks;takencollectively,theyestablishShakespeareastheforemostliterarytalentofhisownElizabethanAgeand,evenmoreimpressively,asageniuswhosecreativeachievementhasneverbeensurpassedinanyage.
ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.Shakespeare'sworkhasmadealastingimpressiononlatertheatreandliterature.Inparticular,heexpandedthedramaticpotentialof characterisation, plot, language,and genre.Shakespeareinfluencednovelistssuchas ThomasHardy, WilliamFaulkner,and CharlesDickens. InShakespeare'sday,Englishgrammar,spellingandpronunciationwerelessstandardizedthantheyarenow, andhisuseoflanguagehelpedshapemodernEnglish.
ThepopularityofShakespeareisaworldwidephenomenon.HisnamehasbeenknowntoChinaformorethanahundredyears,andmanyofhisplayshavebeenwidelyreadamongChinesepeople.
作品赏析
①aboutsonnet18
Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare,inwhichhehasaprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.
Typicallines:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Thetheme:
Immortality,Beautyandlove
②aboutTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人
Majorcharacters:
Bassanio:
--ayoungVenetiancourtPortia,accepted
Antonio:
--amerchantofVenice,allmoneyinventedinships,atsea,returnnotontime
Shylock:
--theJewishusurer(放高利贷者)
Portia:
--standingforthegreatbeauty,witandloyaltyTheme:
traditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofthegreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposethegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.
Typicallines:
"Superfluitycomessoonerbywhitehairs,butcompetencyliveslonger."(Acti.Sc.2.)
"ThedevilcanciteScriptureforhispurpose."(Acti.Sc.3.)
"Mislikemenotformycomplexion,theshadow’dliveryoftheburnish’dsun."(Actii.Sc.1.)
"Inthetwinklingofaneye."(Actii.Sc.2.)
"Allthatglistersisnotgold."(Actii.Sc.7.)
三、FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
作品:
③
④
Bacon’squote
1knowledgeispower知识就是力量。
1、Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance美犹如盛夏的水果,是容易腐烂而难保持的,世上有许多美人,她们有过放荡的青春,却迎受着愧悔的晚年。
2、Naturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.天生的能力好像天然生成的植物,必须通过学习加以修整;然而学习本身如若不由实践去约束,必然方向纷杂而漫无目的。
3、Virtueislikearichstone,bestplainset美德好比宝石,在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。
评价
thefounderof
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