黄衍讲座的handout.docx
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黄衍讲座的handout.docx
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黄衍讲座的handout
Neo-Griceanpragmatics:
FromanaphorathroughtheSquareofOppositiontorelationshipbreakdown
YanHuang
yan.huang@auckland.ac.nz
Linguistics,DALSL,UniversityofAuckland
1ClassicalGriceanpragmatics
OftheEnglishandAmericanphilosophersborninthepresentcenturyIthinkIhaveknownallthemostgifted.IdonotthinkIhaveknownanywhoisorwastheequal,incertainrespects,ofPaulGrice.-PeterStrawson(1990)
(1)Grice'stheoryofconversationalimplicature(simplified)(Huang2000a)
a.Theco-operativeprinciple
Beco-operative.
b.Themaximsofconversation
Quality:
Betruthful.
(i)Don'tsaywhatisfalse.
(ii)Don'tsaywhatlacksevidence.
Quantity:
(i)Don'tsaylessthanisrequired.
(ii)Don'tsaymorethanisrequired.
Relation:
Berelevant.
Manner:
Beperspicuous.
(i)Avoidobscurity.
(ii)Avoidambiguity.
(iii)Bebrief.
(iv)Beorderly.
(2)Johnisgoingtotakeawomanoutfordinnerthisevening.
+>Thewomanisquestionisnote.g.John’swife
2Neo-Griceanpragmatics
ThreeLevinsonianprinciples(simplified)
(3)TheQ[antity]-principle(Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007)
Speaker:
Donotsaylessthanisrequired(bearingtheI-principleinmind).
Addressee:
Whatisnotsaidisnotthecase.
(4)
Someofthethunderingsurfbeachesaremagnificent.
+>Notallofthethunderingsurfbeachesaremagnificent
(5)TheI[nformativeness]-principle(Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007).
Speaker:
Donotsaymorethanisrequired(bearingtheQ-principleinmind).
Addressee:
Whatisgenerallysaidisstereotypicallyandspecificallyexemplified
(6)IfyougivemeafreeBeethoven,I'llbuyfiveMozarts.
+>IfandonlyifyougivemeafreeBeethovenwillIbuyfiveMozarts
(7)TheM[anner]-principle(Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007)
Speaker:
Donotuseamarkedexpressionwithoutreason.
Addressee:
Whatissaidinamarkedwayconveysamarkedmessage.
(8)a.Thenewmanagerisfriendly.
I+>Thenewmanagerisfriendlyinthestereotypicalsense
b.Thenewmanagerisnotunfriendly.
M+>Thenewmanagerislessfriendlythantheutteranceof(7a)suggests
(9)Levinson'sresolutionschemafortheinteractionoftheQ-,I-,andM-principles
a.Levelofgenus:
Q>M>I
b.Levelofspecies:
e.g.Q-clausal>Q-scalar
3Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandthelexicon
3.1Lexicalnarrowing(e.g.Huang1998,2005,2009)
Q-based
(10)
Johnfoldedthenewspaperneatlyintoarectangle.
+>Johndidnotfoldthenewspaperneatlyintoasquare
I-based
(11)a.Johnhadaglassofmilkforbreakfastthismorning.[cow’smilk]
b.It’snotthedrinking;it’sthewaywearedrinking.(AdvertisementagainstbingedrinkingonTVNZ).[alcoholicdrinking,drinkingalcohol]
c.Gordon’scousinisanurse/secretary.[femalenurse/secretary]
d.JohnisreadingtwomodernlanguagesatOxford.(BritishEnglish)[twomodernEuropeanlanguagesotherthanModernEnglishatOxfordUniversity]
e.FernandoLugo(thePresidentofParaguay)acknowledgedhehadarelationshipwithVivianaCarillo(whilehewasstillaCatholicbishop).(TheNewZealandHerald15April2009)[asexualrelationship]
f.ShewantstomarryanAsian.(BritishEnglish)[asub-IndianContinentalAsian]
g.Somethingsmellshere!
[smellsbad/stinks]
h.Theblondehasabrain.[ahigh-functioningbrain]
i.HaveyoubeentoShakespeare'sbirthplace?
[WilliamShakespeare,theEnglishdramatistandpoet]
j.Thatcountryistestingabomb.[atombomb]
k.Somethinghashappenedinthehotel.[somethingunusual]
l.Speedkills.[fastspeed]
3.2Lexicalcloning(Huang2009,seealsoHorn1993,Ghomeshietal.2004,Whitton2008.)
(12)(Dialoguebetweenamarriedcouple,recentlyseparatedandnowlivingapart.)
A:
Maybeyou’dliketocomeinandhavesomecoffee?
B:
Yeah,I’dlikethat.
A:
Justcoffee-coffee,nodoublemeanings.
(13)I’llmakethetunasalad,andyoumakethesalad-salad.
(14)a.Oh,we’rejustlivingtogetherlivingtogether.
b.Oh,we’renotlivingtogetherlivingtogether.
(15)IwasnotborninCambridge;IwasborninCambridge-Cambridge.
Otherlanguageswhichhavelexicalcloning:
Afrikaans,Dyari,Dyirbal,German,Italian,French,QuebecFrench,ModernGreek,KiNande,VulgarLatin,Persian,Russian,Spanish,Tzeltal,Tzotzil.(Huang2009)
3.3Lexicalblocking(Horn1984,Huang1998,2008,2009)
(16)Blockingword`Blockedword
glory*gloriosity
went*goed
queen*kingess
(17)BlockingwordBlockedword
Chinesezhongtong‘president’*guozhang
zhuxi‘president’
Germanlieber‘morewillingly’*garner
Italiancoraggio‘courage’*coraggiosità
3.4Lexicalisationasymmetry:
logicaloperators(Horn1989,Levinson200,Huang1998,2009)
(18)SquareofOpposition(ApuleiusandBoethiusafterAristotle)
(19)
AIEO
Quantifiersallsomenonenotall/*nall
Adverbsalwayssometimesnevernotalways/*nalways
Connectivesandornorandnot/*nand
Modalsmustmaymustnotpermitnot*permitn’t
Thequestion:
whydoestheOcornertendnottobelexicalised?
(20)
Somemonkeyshavetails.(I)
+>Notallmonkeyshavetails(~A=O)
(21)
Notallmonkeyshavetails.(O)
+>Notnone(i.e.some)monkeyshavetails(~E=I)
4Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandsemantics
(22)a.Griceanwhatissaidvs.whatisimplicated(Grice1989)
b.Pragmaticintrusionintowhatissaid(e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007)
c.Grice’scircle(e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007)
d.Theexplicitvs.theimplicit(Carston2002,2009)
e.Thesemantics-pragmaticsdistinction(e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007,andvariousarticlesinSyntheses165(3),aspecialissueonthesemantics/pragmaticsdistinctionpublishedin2008)
Philosophyoflanguage:
contextualismvs.semanticminimalism/literalism
Radicalcontextualism(Travis1989,SperberandWilson1986/1995,Recanati2002,2004,Atlas2005)
Moderatecontexualism(Stanley2000,2005,StanleyandSzabo2000,Taylor2001)
Minimalsemantics(Borg2004)
Insensitivesemantics(CappelenandLepore2005)
Radicalsemanticminimalism(Bach2004,2006)
Semanticrelativism(MacFarlane2005,2007,Richard2004,Kölbel2008)
Experimentalpsychology:
resultsinfavourofdefaultinferencetheory
(Grodneretal.2007,StortoandTanenhaus2005)
infavourofgrammaticalinferencetheory(PanizzaandChierchia2008)
infavourofcontextualinferencetheory(BezuidenhoutandMorris2004,Brehenyetal.2006,Katsosetal.2006)
infavourofBach’simpliciture/standardizationtheory(GarrettandHarnish2007,2009)
5Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandsyntax:
bindingandanaphora
YanHuang,astudentofLevinson’swhoforsometimesubstitutedforthelatteratCambridge…hasinseveralworks(1991,1994),adoptedastrict‘constructionist’viewofGrice.HuangmakesthepointthattheGriceanmaximstieinwithanumberofotherlinguisticphenomenasuchasreference,anaphoraandthelike…whichservestoenhancethestatusofwhatonecouldcall‘ageneralizedpost-Griceantheoryofimplicatureandpresupposition’.-HaberlandandMey(2002).Linguisticsandpragmatics,25yearsafter.JournalofPragmatics34:
1671-1682.Aneditorialtocelebratethe25thanniversaryofthepublicationofJournalofPragmatics.
(23)Chomsky's(1995)bindingconditionsintheP-PtheoryandMinimalistprogramme
A.Ananaphor(e.g.areflexive)isboundinalocaldomain.
B.Apronominal(e.g.apronoun)isfreeinalocaldomain.
C.Anr-expression(e.g.aname)isfree.
(24)a.Newton1admiredhimself1.
b.Newton1admiredhim2.
c.Newton1admiredNewton2.
(25)Aneo-Griceanpragmatictheoryofanaphora(e.g.Huang1991,1994,2000a,b,2001,2002,2004,2006,2007,2010,ChiouandHuang2010,seealsoLevinson1987,1991,2000)
Huang’s(2000a)revisedneo-Griceanpragmaticapparatusforanaphora(simplified)
(i)TheuseofananaphoricexpressionxI-implicatesalocalco-referential
interpretation,unless(ii)or(iii).
(ii)ThereisananaphoricQ-scale
Q-implicatesthecomplementoftheI-implicatureassociatedwith
theuseofxintermsofreference.
(iii)ThereisananaphoricM-scale{x,y},inwhichcasetheuseofy
M-implicatesthecomplementoftheI-implicatureassociatedwiththeuseofx,intermsofeitherreferenceorexpectedness.
(26)
(27)(Icelandic,citedinHuang2000a:
227)
a.JonveitaðMariaelskarhann.
Johnknows-INDICthatMaryloves-INDIChim
‘John1knowsthatMaryloveshim1.’
b.JonsegiraðMariaelskisig.
Johnsays-INDICthatMaryloves-SBJVself
‘John1saysthatMarylovesself1.’
Theextensionoftheanalysistoswitch-referencemarkersinAmeleandlogophoricverbalsuffixesinGokana(Huang2010)
6Neo-Griceanpragmatics,pragmaticcrimes,andthelaw
Thelawisaprofessionofwords.-DavidMellinkoff
Language/linguistic/pragmaticcrimes:
solicitation,conspiracy,bribery,threat,perjuryetc.(SolanandTiersma2005)
(28)(Inaletterbyalitigantwithlittlesuccessinthecourtstosomeofhisjudges)
Areallthewindowsinsured?
Athreatornotathreat,that’sthequestion.
Indirectspeechact(e.g.Searle1975)plusI-implicature
Youmayverywellthinkthat;Icouldn’tpossiblycomment.-FrancisUrquhart,thehero/villaininHouseofCards,apopularBritishpoliticalthrillerandTVdrama.
Perjury:
theClintonimpeachmentcase(SolanandTiersma2005,Kuntz1998,Posner1999)
DidClintontellthetruthunderoath?
Itdependsuponwhatthemeaningoftheword‘is’is.–WilliamJ.Clinton
(29)Q:
Wasityourresp
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