Topic 2Trade Terms.docx
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Topic 2Trade Terms.docx
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Topic2TradeTerms
Topic2TradeTerms
Tradetermsarestandardizedtermsusedinsalescontractsthatdescribetheplaceandmannerforthetransferofgoodsfromthesellertothebuyer.ThemostwidelyusedtradetermsarethosepublishedbyInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)suchas“Incoterms-1936”,“Incoterms-1953”,“Incoterms-1967”,“Incoterms-1976”,“Incoterms-1980”,“Incoterms-1990”,“Incoterms-2000”andpresently“Incoterms-2010”.
Thisunitshowsustherolesoftradetermsandtheconcreteinterpretationofthemin“Incoterms-2010”.
Text
15.1Therolesoftradeterms
Theglobaleconomyhasgivenbusinessbroaderaccessthaneverbeforetomarketsallovertheworld.Goodsaresoldinmorecountries,inlargequantities,andingreatervariety.Butasthevolumeandcomplexityofglobalsalesincrease,partiestoacontractmaybeunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigationwithallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails.
Inordertoavoidoratleastreducetheseuncertaintiestoaconsiderabledegree,InternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas“Incoterms1936”.Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990,2000andpresently2010inordertokeeppacewiththedevelopmentoftheinternationaltrade.
15.2TheinterpretationofIncoterms-2010Rules
TheIncoterms-2010updatesandconsolidatesthe“delivered”rules,reducingthetotalnumberofrulesfrom13to11,andoffersasimplerandclearerpresentationofalltherules.Andthe11Incoterms-2010rulesarepresentedintwodistinctclasses:
•Rulesforanymodeoftransport:
EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP
•Rulesforwaterwaytransport:
FAS FOB CFR CIF
The first class includes the seven Incoterms-2010 rules that can be used irrespective
of the mode of transports whether one or more than one mode oftransport is employed. EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belongtothisclass.They canbeusedevenwhenthereisnomaritimetransportatall.Itisimportant to remember, however, that these rules can be used in cases where a ship is used for part of the carriage.
InthesecondclassofIncoterms-2010rules,thepointofdeliveryandtheplaceto
which the goods are carried tothebuyerarebothports,hencethelabel“seaandinlandwaterway”rules.FAS,FOB,CFRandCIFbelongtothisclass.UnderthelastthreeInco-termsrules,allmentionoftheship’srailasthepointofdeliveryhasbeenomittedinpreferenceforthegoodsbeingdeliveredwhentheyare“onboard”thevessel.Thismorecloselyreflectsmoderncommercialrealityandavoidstheratherdatedimageoftheriskswingingtoandfroacrossanimaginaryperpendicularline.
The11Incoterms-2010Rules
ModeofTransportAvailableRulesFullDescription
EXWExWorks
(…namedplaceofdelivery)
FCAFreeCarrier
(…namedplaceofdelivery)
CPTCarriagePaidTo
(…namedplaceofdestination)
AnyModeofTransportCIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo
(…namedplaceofdestination)
DATDeliveredatTerminal
(…namedterminalatport
orplaceofdestination)
DAPDeliveredatPlace
(…namedplaceofdestination)
DDPDeliveredDutyPaid
(…namedplaceofdestination)
FASFreeAlongsideShip
(…namedportofshipment)
FOBFreeonBoard
SeaandInlandWaterway(…namedportofshipment)
TransportCFRCostandFreight
(…namedportofshipment)
CIFCostInsuranceandFreight
(…namedportofshipment)
•Rulesforanymodeoftransport:
EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP
1.ExWorks(EXW)
Thisrulemeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenitplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller’spremisesoratanothernamedplace(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc.).Thesellerdoesnotneedtoloadthegoodsonanycollectingvehicle,nordoesitneedtoclearthegoodsforexport,wheresuchclearanceisapplicable.
Thepartiesarewelladvisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossiblethepointwithinthenamedplaceofdelivery,asthecostsandriskstothatpointarefortheaccountoftheseller.Thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheagreedpoint,ifany,atthenamedplaceofdelivery.
EXWrepresentstheminimumobligationfortheseller.Theruleshouldbeusedwithcareas:
a)Thesellerhasnoobligationtothebuyertoloadthegoods,eventhoughinpracticethesellermaybeinabetterpositiontodoso.
b)AbuyerwhobuysfromaselleronanEXWbasisforexportneedstobeawarethatthesellerisnotboundtoorganizetheexportclearance.BuyersarethereforewelladvisednottouseEXWiftheycannotdirectlyorindirectlyobtainexportclearance.
2.FreeCarrier(FCA)
Thisrulemeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbythebuyerattheseller’spremisesoranothernamedplace.Thepartiesarewelladvisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossiblethepointwithinthenamedplaceofdelivery,astheriskpassestothebuyeratthatpoint.Ifthepartiesintendtodeliverthegoodsattheseller’spremises,theyshouldidentifytheaddressofthosepremisesasthenamedplaceofdelivery.If,ontheotherhand,thepartiesintendthegoodstobedeliveredatanotherplace,theymustidentifyadifferentspecificplaceofdelivery.
FCArequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport,whereapplicable.However,thesellerhasnoobligationtoclearthegoodsforimport,payanyimportdutyorcarryoutanyimportcustomsformalities.
3.CarriagePaidTo(CPT)
Thisrulemeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbytheselleratanagreedplace(ifanysuchplaceisagreedbetweentheparties)andthatthesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.
CPThastwocriticalpoints,becauseriskpassesandcostsaretransferredatdifferentplaces.Thepartiesarewelladvisedtoidentifyaspreciselyaspossibleinthecontractboththeplaceofdelivery,wheretheriskpassestothebuyer,andthenamedplaceofdestinationtowhichthesellermustcontractforthecarriage.Ifseveralcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestinationandthepartiesdonotagreeonaspecificpointofdelivery,thedefaultpositionisthatriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrieratapointentirelyoftheseller’schoosingandoverwhichthebuyerhasnocontrol.Shouldthepartieswishtherisktopassatalaterstage(e.g.,atanoceanportorairport),theyneedtospecifythisintheircontractofsale.Thepartiesarealsowelladvisedtoidentifyaspreciselyaspossiblethepointwithintheagreedplaceofdestination,asthecoststothatpointarefortheaccountoftheseller.Thesellerisadvisedtoprocurecontractsofcarriagethatmatchthischoiceprecisely.Ifthesellerincurscostsunderitscontractofcarriagerelatedtounloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination,thesellerisnotentitledtorecoversuchcostsfromthebuyerunlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheparties.
CPTrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport,whereapplicable.However,thesellerhasnoobligationtoclearthegoodsforimport,payanyimportdutyorcarryoutanyimportcustomsformalities.
4.CarriageandInsurancePaidTo(CIP)
Thisrulemeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbytheselleratanagreedplace(ifanysuchplaceisagreedbetweentheparties)andthatthesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.
Theselleralsocontractsforinsurancecoveragainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.ThebuyershouldnotethatunderCIPthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavemoreinsuranceprotection,itwillneedeithertoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakeitsownextrainsurancearrangements.
CIPhastwocriticalpoints,becauseriskpassesandcostsaretransferredatdifferentplaces.Thepartiesarewelladvisedtoidentifyaspreciselyaspossibleinthecontractboththeplaceofdelivery,wheretheriskpassestothebuyer,andthenamedplaceofdestinationtowhichthesellermustcontractforcarriage.Ifseveralcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestinationandthepartiesdonotagreeonaspecificpointofdelivery,thedefaultpositionisthatriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrieratapointentirelyoftheseller’schoosingandoverwhichthebuyerhasnocontrol.Shouldthepartieswishtherisktopassatalaterstage(e.g.,atanoceanportoranairport),theyneedtospecifythisintheircontractofsale.
Thepartiesarealsowelladvisedtoidentifyaspreciselyaspossiblethepointwithintheagreedplaceofdestination,asthecoststothatpointarefortheaccountoftheseller.Thesellerisadvisedtoprocurecontractsofcarriagethatmatchthischoiceprecisely.Ifthesellerincurscostsunderitscontractofcarriagerelatedtounloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination,thesellerisnotentitledtorecoversuchcostsfromthebuyerunlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheparties.
CIPrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport,whereapplicable.However,thesellerhasnoobligationtoclearthegoodsforimport,payanyimportdutyorcarryoutanyimportcustomsformalities.
5.DeliveredatTerminal(DAT)
Thisrulemeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoods,onceunloadedfromthearrivin
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