英汉翻译讲义新课本.docx
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英汉翻译讲义新课本.docx
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英汉翻译讲义新课本
ChapterOne
I.BriefIntroductiontothecourse
1.Aims:
Thecourseisaimedatprovidingopportunitiesfornon-EnglishmajorsinHongheUniversitytolearnthebasicprinciplesandtechniquesofE-CandC-Etranslation.Theprincipleswillincludeknowledgeaboutthenatureoftranslation,thefunctionsandtheirsoflanguage,linguisticandcommunicationtheoriesintranslationandthecompetenceofatranslator.Inlearningthetechniquesoftranslation,thestudentswillmainlyworkontheanalysisofatext,wordmeaningsincontext,theprocessoftranslation,feasibilityofliteraltranslationandexpressioninidiomaticChineseandEnglish.
Thecoursewillalsohelpthestudentstogaininsightintotranslationfromculturalandaestheticperspectivestoenhancetheircompetenceinthetwolanguages.Bytheendofthecourse,thestudentsareexpectedtobeabletotranslate,withreasonableaccuracy,faithfulnessandappropriateness,passagesoncommonsubjectsineverydaycommunication.
2.TeachingProcedures:
Theclasswillmainlybeconductedinlecturingandcommentingonstudents’exerciseandclassperformance.Discussion,questionsandanswerswillbeencouragedthroughoutthewholecourse.Homeworkassignmentswillplayanimportantpartinthecourse.
3.Assessment:
Assessmentwillbethroughclass-work,homework,classperformanceandformaltesting.Theaveragescorewillbecomposedof:
ClassPerformance
20%
Mid-termExamination
20%
FinalExamination
60%
Attendanceisbothmonitoredandgraded.Studentswillabsenceexceedingthreetimeswillbereportedtothedepartmentandgradeswillnotbesubmittedtothesestudents.
II.OnTranslation
1.WhatisTranslation?
翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
Itisrenderingthemeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaythattheauthorintendedthetext.
PeterNewmark(1988,P5)
Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondintermsofstyle.
EugeneNida(1969,P12)
1).Translationisascience.
e.g.A.Weexpectedanolderspeakertotalkaboutthissubject.
没想到讲这个课的人那么年轻。
B.飞机着陆了。
Theplanetoucheddown.
C.船靠岸了。
Theshiptouchedtheland.
2).Translationisaskill.
e.g.A.Sheisdressedtokill.
她穿着很时髦/十分吸引人/迷死人了。
B.Justiceisblind.
真理/法律面前,人人平等。
C.情人眼里出西施。
Loveisblind.
3).Translationisanart.
e.g.A.TellmeandI’llforget;showmeandImayremember;butinvolvemeandI’llunderstand.
a.告诉我的事情,我会忘记;给我看的东西,我可能会记住;但让我一起干,我就会掌握。
b.耳闻不如目睹;目睹不如笃行。
B.(Thereisasignbesidethepondofcrocodilesinapark.)
Thelastoneisdelicious,bringmeanother.
a.刚才吃的那个味道不错,再来一个。
b.鳄鱼危险,请勿靠近。
c.池边游览须谨慎,勿作鳄鱼口中餐。
d.鳄鱼腹中饥,游客要当心。
C.(AtitleinamagazineduringtheAthensOlympics)
ChinaAimsatWorldDomination
a.中国瞄准世界
b.中国要称霸世界体坛
c.中国体育志在雄踞天下
D.WehavereadthemostterrifyingstoriesabouttheIndiansinAmerican.
a.我们读了不少美国印第安人的恐怖故事。
b.我们读了不少有关美国印第安人的悲惨遭遇。
2.TheCompetenceofaTranslator.
Atranslatorisbilingual,
bicultural,
specialinoneormoreareasofknowledge,
acompetentwriter.
Competenceinwritingcanbedescribedasconsistingofthreelevels:
1).abilitytowritegoodletters,effectivenewsarticles,andpersonalaccounts;2).capacitytowritetechnicalessaysorarticlesinsomefieldofspecialization;3).creativecapacityforproducingproseandpoetry.
EugeneNida(1993,PP134-136)
3.PurposeofTranslation
正确无误地利用语言这一工具来圆满地完成各类信息的交流,是国家乃至整个世界向着更高的文明发展,这就是翻译的目的。
翻译作为一门课程,其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上,结合不断的翻译实践,学习翻译中的各种技巧,提高翻译水平。
▪
ChapterTwo
Principles(Criteria)ofTranslating
1.PointofViewsGivenbyDifferentScholarsatHomeandAbroad:
玄奘:
真(faithful)&俗(readable)
严复:
信(faithfulness)、达(smoothness)、雅(elegance)
鲁迅:
信(faithfulness)&达(smoothness)
傅雷:
“传神”论
钱钟书:
“化境”说
亚历山大·弗雷赛·泰特勒:
1)译文应完全写出原作的思想(相当于“信”);2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(相当于“雅”);3)译文应和原作同样流畅(相当于“达”)。
尤金·奈达:
读者反映论(Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondintermsofstyle.)
2.Faithfulness,SmoothnessandElegance:
1).Faithfulness.
Thetranslationandtranslatorshouldbefaithfultoboththeoriginaltextandtheauthorintermsofmeaning,intentionorcontent.
忠实----注意语境,对象
Nocontext,notext.词不离句,句不离篇。
中国总理Premier,不用PrimeMinister
Mywife
Damnit!
I’mabsolutelysorry.
Ex.
a.Nomancanhavetoomanyfriends.
b.Youcan’ttakesufficientcare.
c.Iwouldfeelguiltytotakesuchanexpensivegift.
d.Youareasightforsoreeyes.
e.Johnwasafoolfordanger.
f.Whenshewastaken,hersonwasonly5yearsold.
g.Ifellinlovewithheratfirstsight,butshewastaken.
h.一到冬天,我的手就冻。
i.有饭大家吃。
2).Smoothness.
Thecontentsoftheoriginaltextshouldbeadequatelyandintelligiblyexpressedinthetranslation,andforthispurposeequivalenceinformcansometimesbemodified.
Thebesttranslationdoesn’tsoundlikeatranslation.
Nida
Ablinddate
Heisabigname.
Youareveryclose.
Yesterday,Class1andClass2hadaclosecontest.
Ex.
a.Heisafriendofmine,butheisadifficultone.
b.Hehasalargefamilytosupport.
c.Hecomesfromabigfamily.
d.Ican’tbearthesightoftheman.
e.Hewhowouldsearchforpearlsmustdivedeep.
3).Elegance.
Thetranslationshouldbeofthebestpossiblerhetoricalqualitysothatitcanreachasmuchoftheintendedaudienceaspossible.Nidasays,“Alllanguageshavethepotentialforoutstandingaestheticexpression.”Agoodtranslatoralwaystriestogivefullplaytotheadvantagestothelanguageofthetargettext.
Compare:
SourceLanguage
Smoothness
Elegance
Extremelyurgent
Underestimateone’sowncapabilities
Committhesameerror
Fullofconceit
Missagoodchance
Fellowsufferers
Makeasuperficialchange
忠实于原文内容,通顺的译文形式,发挥译文的优势,可以当做文学翻译的标准。
翻译可以不发挥译文语言的优势,但发挥了译文语言的却是更好的翻译。
是否符合必要条件是个对错问题,是否符合充分条件却是个好坏问题。
许渊冲(1984:
《翻译的艺术》)
ChapterThree
DeterminingtheWordMeaning
1.Polysemy一词多义
“词本无义,义随人生”Peoplehavemeaningsforwords.
除去专有名词外,中英文词汇几乎没有绝对等值的词。
★Broken
abrokenman
soldier
promise
arrow
money
English
spirit
“9.11”之后,报纸标题:
NewYorkCity:
TheBrokenCity
★Story
Ex.
a.Newsweekreporteditbuttheofficialsrefusedtoconfirmthestory.
b.Thejudgedidn’tbuyhisstory.
c.Shetoldmehersideofthestory.
d.Afterdaysofsearch,amancametothepolicewithastory.
★Light
lightmusic
loss
car
heart
step
manners
work
voice
★Heavy
heavyclouds
crops
rain
frost
wine
news
road
sea
heart
fire
smoker
load
storm
traffic
Ex.
a.Fromlifetodeathisman’sreach.
b.Thenewspaperofferssometraveltips.
c.Ialwaysfightwithmyhusband.
d.Don’tbemadatme.
e.WhenIpointedthathespreadtherumor,hesaid“No,no,no!
”
f.Hewaskilledinthecaraccident.
2.TranslationPractice
★Head
Ex.
a.PresidentKennedywasshotintheheadandkilledonthespot.
b.Whydon’tyouuseyourhead?
c.Doyouhaveaheadforheights?
d.Thedinnercostusfivedollarsahead.
e.Let’sdiscussthequestionunderfiveheads.
f.Headsortails.
g.Sheisheadandshouldersabovealltheotheractorsinthefilm.
h.Thebusinessisintrouble,butwearekeepingourheadsabovewater.
i.Ican’tspeaktoalargecrowdoffthetopofmyhead.
j.Theheadofhisbedwaspiledwithbooks.
★Run
Ex.
a.Ihadarun-inwiththepoliceyesterday.
b.Thelongerandfasteryourrun-upis,thehigheryoucanjump.
c.Thismaysavemoneyintheshortrun,butit’sgoingtobeexpensiveinthelongrun.
d.Don’tcry,oryourmake-upwillrun.
e.Allthepapersranstoriesaboutthenewpeacetalks.
f.Thedoctor’sadviceistoletthefeverrunitscause.
g.Whentheshootingstartedweranforit.
h.Howlonghasthenewfilmbeenrunning?
★就
Ex.
a.他就着油灯读书。
b.就时间
c.花生米就酒很合适。
d.我就来!
e.他五岁就上学了。
f.我一打听到他的地址就告诉你。
g.他身体本来就不好。
h.我们班就他会使电脑。
i.我就不信我学不好这个技术。
j.你就是送我我也不要。
k.就我所知,他的英语很好。
l.两个代表团就共同关心的话题进行了讨论。
m.就事论事
ChapterFour
ComparisonofScopeofWord’sMeaningsbetweenChineseandEnglish
1.中英词义相符Correspondent(A=甲)
一半多见于专业术语和固定词组中。
WTO=
NYPO=
CPC=
commission
totailofsb
totightenone’sbelt
socialmarketeconomy
vanitypress
vanityfair
vanitysurgery
vanitycase
reformmeasure
nationaldignity
topaysbIOUs
▲但是,在翻译中要注意“假对应”
盐水saltsolution≠saltwater
学英语歌learnEnglishsongs
学知识acquireknowledge
简单地说putitsimple≠simplyspeaking(说话的动作简单)
一层厚厚的黄土athicklayerofloess/dust≠alayerofthickloess/dust
▲注意中英文中“搭配不当”的情况
达到自给自足
穷山恶水
我买了张好票
2.中英词义包孕Inclusion(A﹤甲;A﹥甲)
一般来说,中文一词多义现象较英语多。
★uncle﹥叔叔
★开﹥open
开晚会
开支票
★learn﹤学
Shetook3coursesthissemester.
Childrenpickupdirtywordsinanamazingway.
华侨:
居住在国外的具有中国国籍的人,不包括旅游者、留学生等
★
overseaChinese所有不在中国境内的中国人
风:
自然风,社会潮流,风气等
★wind自然风,室外风
draught室内风→Don’tsitinthedraught.别坐在风头上。
汤:
烫的水→药汤decoction
★soup食物,喝的汤→牛肉汤broth
学者:
意义上较窄,指一般有学问的人
★
scholar:
alearnedperson;particularpersonincertainfield;studentgivenscholarship;anystudentorpupil
3.中英词义交叉Intersection(A﹤﹥甲)
★footVS脚
footthebill=paythebill
脚本
脚夫
脚步
Youshouldstandonyourownfeet.
HefellinlovewithChinaatthemomenthesethisfootonChinesesoil.
★oldVS老
veteran
veterantranslator
history
formerclassm
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