托福写作讲义.docx
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托福写作讲义.docx
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托福写作讲义
复习建议
敲字和单词量,电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作
反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343
分类读185题库,列提纲,落实具体细节,查字典
分类写文章,修改到完美,准备机经
练习3分钟看一篇短文,做笔记然后重述的能力
练习听学术段子,重述能力,建议93篇学术段子
练习可以从不计时到计时,量变到质量
三角和巴朗的练习
一、独立写作评分标准
Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:
●Effectiveaddressesthetopicandtask
●Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplification,and/ordetails
●Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence
●Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomaticity,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors.
OG325-343
effectively:
inawaythatproducestheintendedresultorasuccessfulresult
organized:
arrangedorplannedinaparticularorderorstructure
developed:
tomakeanideaclearerbyexplainingitfurther
explanation:
astatement,factorsituationthattellsyouwhyareasongivenforsth
unity:
thestateoflookingorbeingcompleteinanaturalandpleasingway
progression:
theprocessofdevelopinggraduallyfromonestagetoanother
coherence:
ofdifferentideas,arguments,sentencestohaveaclearlogicalconnectionsothattogethertheymakeawhole
consistent:
alwaysbehavinginthesameway,orhavingthesameopinionsstandard
评分规则关键的部分
1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题
2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话
3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三
4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯
5、避免重复的观点
6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误,前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解
7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度
一个能力五个误区
能力:
清楚恰当举例的能力,切题就能写出文章,体现语言运用能力
误区:
1、没有一定要书面化和地道,托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的,不可能做到,见官方指南5分作文评论289页
2、没有说要有观点新颖独特,是语言考试,并不是作文竞赛,在语言上下功夫,而不是在观点上下功夫。
3、举例说理一定要有代表性和广泛可理解性,原则是不知道这件事情的人看了也能明白例子和观点的联系。
4、不要用自己不擅长的句型、写法、语法。
5、辨证的想法是好的,但如果不是题目直接要求你比较两者,最多在开头或者结尾提到,作为思路比较危险。
如何选择最佳理由:
方法:
头脑风暴:
注意与对立面的考虑才不会离题
pronsandcons:
任何的理由都可以辩证的用
原则:
理由不能太直白,应该是值得解释的,可以跳跃思维
理由里面不要包含太过抽象的词,这样限制了你下面的思路,好像说什么都是重复
说完理由应该马上有一堆例子可以想出来
1.不切题的理由
167.whichshouldyourschoolchoosetobuycomputerorbooks
Toinvestoncomputerisbetterchoice.For4longyearsincollege.Ihavenoaccesstocomputersbecausetheuniversityhasbeenalwaysrunningoutfunds.Ihavesufferedalotduringmyjobseekingsessionswheniwasfrequentlyaskedtoimprovemycomputerskills.Itiscertainlyagoodideathatthemoneyinvestedintoauniversitylibrarybeusedtobuycomputers.
1.wecanaffordmuchmorebooksthanjustfewcomputerswiththesameamountofmoney.
2.weareabletostudywiththebookwheneverandwhereverIwant,insteadofwaitinginalinefortheaccessofcomputer.
3.unliketheinfromationgettingfromtheinternet,thetheoryinthebooksareprofoundandwell-proved.
2.改写原题前提的理由
注意假想例子的程度:
101.doinghomeworkbyhandorpreferusingmachine
由于本人很不幸,先天性残疾、没手,也曾努力用脚来写,却着实痛苦。
自从练习用脚打字以来,进步神速,字打的尤其工整,谁又知道我是用脚还是用手,所以打字好。
1.doinghomeworkbymachine
2.fastandneatincaseweneedmorethanonecopy
3.searchinfroonlinemultitask
4.convenientemailanddiscussonline
3.道德水平太高或者太低
Moneyiseverything,withoutmoneyyoucandonothing.moneymakesthemarego.
Toworkformoneyisnotmyoriginalintention,ihavetodosobecauseastheonlybreadwinner,iamresponsibletosuppoortmyfamily.icouldnotimaginethatisimplyworkformyowninterest,whileleavingmyfamilystarving.
Recentlyitypedseveralthreatlettersandmailedout.Clearlyahandwrittenlettercanbeeasilyusedasevidenceagainstmeinthecourt,whileatypedletterisveryhardtobeattachedtoacertainperson.
Peopleshouldnotworkformoneybutshouldtrytomakemorecontributiontothisworld.
4.政治上敏感的理由
可以和美军作战,给美帝国主义以致命的打击,给中国人出一口气。
5.重复的理由
Computercanhelpyoufindtheinformationyouneedmoreefficiently.
Computermayserveyoualotoftimewhenyouseekinformationinthelibrary.
万能理由:
与事物有关:
效率、方便、经济、耐久、安全、空间
与人有关:
健康、乐趣、成就、性格、情感、交流、经验、他人
角度:
工作、学习、家庭生活中
关系:
友情、爱情、家庭
103.themostimportantcharatieristictobesucessfuleinlife
peoplewillingtomakefriendwithpeoplewithsenseofrespondibility
responsiblepeoplealwayswillbeapprovedbyyourbossinyourcareer
responsibleistheessentialcharacteristicinahappyfamily
时间:
小学、中学、大学
4.indirectexperienceanddirectexperience,whichsourceismoreimoprtant,why?
throughoutthedifferentstageoflife,fromprimaryschooltouniversitytoadulthood,experienceteachesusmanyskillweneedforlife.
利益方:
个人、集体、国家社会
58.businessesshoulddoanythingtheycantomakeaprofitdoyouagree
mygoalistomakemoney,however,ican'tforgetthattherearemoreimportantthingsinlifethanearningaprofit.imustconsiderthecustomerIserve,thepeopleIworkwith,andthecommunityIlivein.
话题扩展1:
关于友情
62.110.111.117.173.
关于品质
15.93.18.22.46.179.103.
已考过的题目:
2006
5.26Doyouagreeordisagree?
Lettingafriendmakeamistakeisbetterthansayingordoingsomethingwhichwilldestroythefriendship.参见185题库173题
8.12Doyouagreeordisagree?
Itismoreimportanttokeepoldfriendsthatitistomakenewfriends?
参见185题库111、117题
2008
1.5同意不同意:
一个聪明的朋友比一个幽默的朋友重要
话题扩展2:
关于新建筑的影响
5.16.25.26.30.113.
关于居住的城市和地方
关于改变和促进6.165.52.24
关于乡村或城市9.20.
关于一个地方或其他地方31.92.
105.universitydormitoriesandapartmentinthecommunity
144.Wouldyouprefertoliveinatraditionalhouseorinamoremodernapartmentbuilding?
139.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantroominahouse?
andwhy?
话题扩展3:
科技题13
3.13.36.37.70.73.81.84.87.88.104.159.178.必须写的题目3、36、73
3题目的分析:
核心词是更简单的准备食物、生活方式的提高
现代烹饪方法使得食物的味道鲜美,样式更加丰富。
现代冷藏技术使我们食物的选择更加丰富,营养更加均衡。
现代厨具和家电的发明,节省了做饭时间,使我们有更多的时间去做想做的事情。
变化:
13家里吃成本便宜、自己搭配营养合理、节约时间方便
36实现人类飞行的梦想有趣的旅行方式、异国文化民族的选择和接触、大大节约远距离旅行的时间利于经济的发展
37当然是好的,例如3、36
70促进了人民生活,参见36
73让生活更加简单方便,通讯的成本降低迅速及时、生活方式的选择多样化、提高了办公的效率
81技术使世界变得更加好,例如3、36、70、73
84给人们更多的信息,参见73
87在3、36、70、73、84中选择一个
88不同意,通讯成本降低联系更加频繁、方式和内容十分的丰富个人化、小巧轻便随时联系
104科学家,科学家给了我们3、36、70、73、84
159在3、36、70、73、84中选择一个
178在3、36、70、73、84中选择一个加强版本
关于人的品质和能力词汇
aptitude;vigor;caliber;quality;temperament;talent;disposition;ability;versatile
1.笨拙聪颖
笨拙awkward;clumsy;inert;blunt;torpid;idiotic
聪颖intelligence;astute;shrewd;sensible;flexible;knowledgeable;capable;sharpen;adroit;acute
2.草率谨慎
草率curt;reckless;impudent;rashly;imprudent
谨慎conservative;composed;composure;prudent;vigilant;discreet;circumspect;cautious;meticulously
3.胆小勇敢
胆小spineless;timid;bashful;shy
勇敢bold;undaunted;dauntless;valiant;intrepid;valor
4.粗野和蔼
粗野gauche;rough;ragged;coarse;rustic;grumpy;brutal
和蔼pityful;modest;benign;merciful;humane;ductile;frank;outspoken;moderate;humorous;sociable;courteous;gracious;gregarious;affable
5.奢侈节俭
奢侈prodigal;improvident;lavish;luxurious;extravagant;squander;flamboyant
节俭frugal;economize;stoically;austerity;thrift
6.懒惰熟练
懒惰sluggish;indolent;inertia;slug;sloth;slothful
熟练deft;adept;skillful;experienced;stunt;familarize
7.卑鄙狡猾
卑鄙despicable;ignominous;scornful;shameless;disrespectful;discrimination;contemn;belittle;despise;mean
狡猾crooked;sly;cunning;designing
8.贪婪自私
贪婪avid;ravenous;greedy;avaricious;
自私skimpy;stingy;miserly;snobbish;selfish
9.沮丧悲伤高兴
沮丧downcast;dismal;dejected;depress;dampen;cheerless
悲伤doleful;upset;trying;sentimental;grieve;gloom;torturous;miserable;distressed;pensive;
高兴hilarious;exultant;brisk;gleeful;joyous;exalted;blessed;pleasing;elation;ecstasy;bliss;brighten;enrapture;ravish
10.傲慢热情
傲慢overbearing;arrogant;haughty;domineering;arrogance;preference;bias;fussy
热请vigorous;hospitable;positive;energetic;ardor;ardent;eager;impassioned;devoted;ethusiasm;
11.烦恼焦急犹豫
烦恼impatient;brothersome;boredom;tedious;sicken;chafe;distract;harass;disarrange;vex
焦急concerned;intense;suspense;strain;tense;abashed
犹豫dubious;skeptical;suspicious;poise;halt;flounder;demur;heasitate;suspect
常用同义形容词
合适的:
suitable/advisable/sound/temperate/rational/preferable/reliable/fitting/modest/moderate
精致的:
elegant/delicate/elaborate
美好的:
gorgeous/glorious/splendid/admirable/breathtaking/impressive/spectacular/superb
杰出的:
outstanding/distinguished/eminent/excellent/supreme/extraordinary/prominent/matchless/foremost
著名的:
famous/illustrious/celebrated/notable
聪明的:
intellegent/wise/ingenious/sensible/smart/clever/knowledgeable/capable
大的:
immense/huge/spacious/prodigious/massive/enormous/vast/tremendous/expansive/mightly
小的:
slight/tiny/microscopic/small/diminutive/minuscule
重要的:
important/significant/concernful/pivotal/superb/momentous/vital/primaty/essential/principal/leading/major/dominant/predominant/fateful
最好的:
optimum/premium
基本的:
underlying/elementary/fundamental/essential/cardinal
不足的:
insufficient/scanty/meager/needy/poor/scarce/devoid/empty/lacking
充足的:
fraught/sufficient/enough/adequate/abundant
过多的:
excessive/redundant/overabundant/inordinate
特殊的:
unique/matchless/unrivaled/extraodinary/special
奇怪的:
odd/bizarre/quaint/weird/queer
相似的:
similar/approximate/proximate/homogeneous/identical/equal/equivalent/coordinate
无效的:
null/invalid/void
有效的:
valid/acceptable/effective/resultful/efficient/competent
高兴的:
delightful/happy/hilarious/exultant/gleeful/joyous/exalted/blessed/pleasing/amusing
写作常用名词
成就,成功:
success/triumph/victory/accomplishment/achievement/fruition/consummation/attainments
失败:
failure/bedefeated/acaseofcrabs
观点:
pointofview/standpoint/viewpoint/frameofreference/theory
财产:
treasure/profit/fortune/moneybag/wealth/belongings/estate/possessions/property/riches/worth
好处:
advantage/behoof/benefit/gain/good/stead
优点:
excellence/merit/strongpoint/virtue
缺点:
bug/disfigurement/limitation/objection/vice/lacuna/defect
发展:
development/evolution/progress/grow
普及:
popularization/prevalence
出现:
emergence
情况:
circumstance/condition
原因:
causation/cause/matter/reason
影响:
infection/influence/impact
写作常用动词
提供:
provide/supply/furnish/give/render/accommod
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