常见句子成分完整讲义总结+复习.docx
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常见句子成分完整讲义总结+复习.docx
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常见句子成分完整讲义总结+复习
英语语法复习一——句子成分
英语的句子中主要要这几种成分:
主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表。
其中句子主干组成:
主、谓、宾、表、补(组成五大基本句型)
句子中的修饰成分:
定语、状语(在句子中可增可减,去掉不影响句子的完整)
一、主语(名词结构的词可做主语)
1.名词
Schoolisover.
Breadismadefromflour.
2.代词
Heenjoysplayingtennis.
ShelikestowatchTVonSundays.
3.the+形容词
Therichenvythehappinessofthepoor.
Thebeautifullivesforever.
4.to+do不定式
Tokeepearlyhoursmakesushealthy.
Toseeistobelieve.
5.doing动名词
Joggingisgoodforourhealth.
Writingwellrequiresmuchpractice.
6.名词短语
Howtosolvetheproblemtroublesmemuch.
7.主语从句
Thattheearthisroundisknowntoeveryone.
Whyheresignedisamysterytome.
It(形式主语)isobviousthatheknowseverything(主语从句).
二、谓语(动词做句子的谓语,谓语往往有时态的变化)
Be动词
Youaremybestfriend.
Youwereright.
Ihavebeentherebefore.
系动词
Theflowerssmellsweet.
Itturnedblue.
及物动词
Igaveherabread.
Ihaveadictionary.
不及物动词
Thesunrises.
Hermotherleftinadarkmorning.
动词短语
Heappliedforapresitigiousuniversity.
Wemustlookintothematterimmediately.
Thestudentdealswithaverydifficultquestion.
助动词+动词
Ihavefinishedmywork.
Iwashelpedbymyteacher.
Idon’tknowwhyithappened.
Hewillcomebacktomorrow.
情态动词+动词
Imustlearnanotherlanguage.
Shehastoconsiderhisopinion.
IwouldgotoMr.Smithforhelp.
三、宾语(请注意:
能做主语的词也能做宾语;及物动词有宾语,介词后面也有宾语)
1.名词
Hewrotealetter.
Ihaveaheadache.
2.代词
Hehelpedmeinthework.
Playingtennismadehimpopular.
3.the+形容词
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.
Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.
4.todo不定式
Iwanttogototheconcert.
Helikestolistentomusic.
5.doing动名词
Idon’tmindgettingwet.
Ienjoywatchingafootballgame.
6.名词短语
Idon’tknowhowtoswim.
Idecidedwhattobuy.
7.宾语从句
Iwonderwhenhewillcome.
Tellmewhyyoucamelate.
Ithoughtthatthebushadleft.
Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.
8.直接宾语和
间接宾语
Theytoldme(间)thenews(直).
Heshowedme(间)howtodoit(直).
9.同源宾语(许多不及物动词可接同源宾语)
Shelivesahappylife.
Hesleptapeacefulsleep.
Hedreamedastrangedream.
四、补语(宾语补足语,对宾语进行解释说明,可和宾语构成有逻辑的句子)
1.名词
Theyelectedhimchairman.
Thepresidentmadehimcaptain.
2.形容词
Herboyfriendmakeshersad.
Ifoundtheroomempty.
Wekeepthebabywarm.
3.形容词短语
Thegirlsmadehistablefullofflowers.
Theybelieveditofnovalue.
Theteachermakeshimconsciousofhismistake.
4.不定式
Thesoldiersdonotallowanyonetoenter.
Mysisteraskedmetogohome.
Hehelpsmetogetbettergrades.
5.现在分词
Iwatchthetrainleavingthestation.
Ihearsomebodylaughing.
Icaughtthemsmokinginschool.
6.过去分词
Hefoundhismoneystolen.
Ihadmyhaircut.
Hecan’tmakehimselfunderstood.
7.名词从句(补语从句)
Educationhasmadehimwhatheistoday.
Hetoldhisdaughterwhathappened.
Hiswifeaskedhimwhichdresssheshouldwear.
五、表语(放在系动词之后,对主语进行说明的成分就是表语)
1.名词
HisnameisSam.
Sheisateacher.
2.代词
Thevictimisher.
Thedoctorishim.
3.形容词
Fastfoodispopular.
Shelookshappy.
Leavesturnedredinfall.
4.不定式
Thebestwayistolethimstayinhisroom.
Ourplanistofinishthework.
5.动名词
Hisgreatpleasureinlifeistraveling.
Myhobbyisgrowingflowers.
Myfavoritesportisplayingtennis.
6.现在分词(本身的特征)
Thedogisfrightening.
Thecitylifeisexciting.
Thebookisboring.
7.过去分词(事物所处状态)
Herparentsweresatisfiedwithherschoolreport.
Thedogisfrightened.
Ifeelbored.
8.介词短语
Thepatientisoutofdanger.
Sheisintheroom.
Thehouseisonfire.
9.名词短语
Thequestioniswhattodonow.
10.表语从句
Myopinionisthatyoumustgorightaway.
Thisiswhathesaid.
That’swhyIwanttoworkhere.
句子修饰成分:
定语、状语
六、定语:
(主要用于修饰主语和宾语的形容词结构,也可理解为修饰名词的形容词结构,限定词,单个形容词,现在分词和过去分词一般放在名词左边;形容词短语、不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、定语从句和同位语从句一般放在名词右边)
1.形容词
Adiligentstudentwillsucceed.
Letmetellyousomethinginteresting.
2.单个分词
Thewoundedpassengerswerecarriedtoahospitalatonce.
Thesleepingbabymusthaveasweetdream.
3.介词短语
Hotelsaroundthebeachareaarebookedtocapacityinsummer.
Thetreeinfrontofthehousemakesthehousecool.
Peopleintheworldplaybasketball.
4.不定式
Thebestwaytocommunicatewithaforeigneristomakehimlaugh.
Ihaveabigfamilytosupport.
Heisalwaysthefirsttocome.
5.现在分词短语
Amanwearingagreenuniformdeliversletterstoourcommunity.
Theybuiltahighwayleadingtothemountains.
Wemetagroupofpupilsreturningfromschool.
6.过去分词短语
Englishisnotthelanguagespokeninthatarea.
Thespeakeransweredallthequestionsraisedbytheaudience.
Thisisabookwrittenbyafamousnovelist.
7.形容词短语
Englishisalanguageeasytolearn.
Hegavemeabasketfullofeggs.
Thesearethebooksavailableinthislibrary.
8.定语从句
Shetookawayeverythingthatbelongstoher.
Themanwhoyoumetjustnowismyuncle.
Ilikemusicianswhocanplaydifferentkindsofmusic.
9.同位语从句
Thenewsthatheisstillaliveisreallyencouraging.
Idon’tbelievethefactthatheliedtohismother.
七、状语(用于修饰动词的副词或者相当于副词的结构)
1.副词
Theyplayedhappilyneartheirhouse.
Ibarelyknowyou.
Basically,youcanbuyeverythingyoucanthinkofinasupermarket.
2.介词短语
Shewastremblingwithfear.
Ihavetogotosleepafter10.
Inshort,Ihavedonemybest.
3.不定式短语
Imustgetupearlytocatchthefirsttrain.
Togetbettergrades,weneedtostudyhard.
4.分词结构
Knowingthedifficulties,hestillstickstohisgoal.
Defeatedbytheirenemies,theywithdrewintothevalley.
Seenfromthetop,themountainisaseaoftrees.
5.状语从句
Unlessitrainstomorrow,Iwillgoswimming.
Whenshecomes,Ishalltellhertowaitforyou.
Ifyoudon’thaveagoodcommandofEnglishgrammar,youwon’twritegoodEnglish.
Hewaspunishedbecausehedidn’tobeytheregulations.
Althoughhehasalotofmoney,heisunhappy.
Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
Practice:
请指出下面文章的句子成分:
Americanstodayhavedifferenteatinghabits.Thereisawideselectionoffoodavailable.Theyhaveabroaderknowledgeofnutrition,sotheybuymorefreshfruitandvegetablesthaneverbefore.Atthesametime,americanpurchaseincreasingquantitiesofsweetsandsodas.
Statisticsshowthatthewaypeoplelivedeterminesthewaytheyeat.Americanlifestyleshavechanged.Therearenowgrowingnumbersofpeoplewholivealone.Thesechanginglifestylesareresponsiblefortheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhomustrushmealsorsometimessimplygowithoutthem.ManyAmericanshavelesstimethaneverbeforetospendpreparingfood.Partlyasaconsequenceofthislimitedtime,overhalfofAmericanhousesnowhavemicrowaveovens.Moreover,Americanseatoutnealyfourtimesaweekonaverage.
Itiseasytostudytheamountsandkindsoffoodthatpeopleconsume.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureandthefoodindustrycollectsalesstatisticsandkeepaccuraterecords.Thisinformationnotonlytellsuswhatpeopleareeating,butalsotellsusaboutthechangesinattitudesandtastes.Beef,whichusedtobethemostpopularchoicefordinner,isnolongeranAmericanfavorite.Instead,chicken,turkeyandfishhavebecomemorepopular.Salesofthesefoodshavegreatlyincreasedinrecentyears.
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