the rise of America.docx
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the rise of America.docx
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theriseofAmerica
班级:
0807
姓名:
林月明
学号:
2008212675
分数:
中文摘要:
从美利坚民族实现独立到现在仅有200多年的历史,在这短暂的200多年间,美国实现了从独立到成为当前世界超级大国的转变。
他的崛起过程是一部值得探究的历史,除了其“天然”具备的优越地理位置和丰富的自然资源外,其在政治、军事、外交方面选择适合国情和当时世界形势的政策也是值得世界其他国家借鉴的。
我认为美国的崛起从横向讲,表现在其国内经济、政治、军事的崛起;从纵向讲,则表现在他从实力上和国际影响上的共同崛起。
本文大体上分为三个部分:
第一,简要介绍美国独立前美洲大陆的情况;第二,从不同的时间段来解析美国的崛起及其产生的影响;第三,感悟。
关键词:
美国;经济;崛起;原因;影响
AbstractinEnglish:
It’sonlymorethan200yearssincetheUnitedStateswonitsindependence.Duringtheshortperiod,Americahasfinisheditstransformfromindependencetothestrongestcountryintheworld.ThehistoryofAmerica’srisedeservestobeexplored.Exceptforitssuperiorgeographicallocationandabundantnaturalresource,itspolicyinpolitics,militaryanddiplomacywhichsuiteditscountry’sbasicconditionandinternationalsituationinthattimeisworthbeingusedforreferencebyothercountriesintheworld.IthinkweshouldanalysetheriseofAmericafromdifferentdegree:
fromthehorizontal,itsriseshowsinitseconomy,politicsandmilitary;fromthevertical,itsriseshowsbothinitspowerandinternationalinfluence.Therearetwopartsinthistext:
first,Iwilltellyouthebackgroundbeforeitsindependence;second,IwillmainlytellyouthereasonandeffectsofAmerica’srisefromdifferentperiods.
Keywords:
theUnitedStates;economy;rise;reason;effects
Contents:
1.BackgroundbeforeItsIndependence…………………5
2.theWarofIndependence………………………………6
2.1CausesandProcessofItsIndependence……6
2.2EffectsofItsIndependence……………………7
2.3AppearanceoftheAmericanConstitution……7
3.anEraofExpansion……………………………………8
3.1EffectsofWestwardMovement…………………8
3.2TheMonroeDoctrine………………………………9
4.AmericaduringandafterCivilWar…………………9
4.1CausesandProcessofCivilWar………………10
4.2SituationafterCivilWar………………………11
5.AmericaduringandaftertheWorldWarⅠ…………12
6.AmericaduringandaftertheWorldWarⅡ………12
6.1FromIsolationtoIntervention………………13
6.2AmericaduringandaftertheColdWar………13
7.whatcanwelearnfromtheriseofAmerica…………………………………………………14
1.BackgroundbeforeItsIndependence
TheancestorsofthepresentAmericanIndianscamefromeasternSiberiaandmightbelongtotheMongoloidpeople.It’sknownthatChristopherColumbusisbelievedtobethediscovererofAmerica.Afterthisdiscovery,manyadventurousSpaniardssailedtotheNewWorld.In1588,whenElizabethwasQueen,theEnglishnavydestroyedtheSpanishArmadaandcontrolledsomeofthesearoutesleadingtotheNewWorld.ThismarkedaturningpointinthecourseofAmericanhistory,fortheEnglishimmigrantsstartedtoreplacetheSpaniardsasthemostimportantcolonistsinNorthAmerica.Thisledtotheestablishmentofthe13English-Americancolonies.
The13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawereestablishedinthedifferentpatterns.Theyweredividedintothreekinds:
thecrowncolony,theproprietarycolony,andthechartercolony.Thisthreecolonieswerenotdifferentinthesystembutinthemethodofgoverning.
Becauseofthedifferentgeographicalenvironment,thereexistedkindsofeconomystructures:
NewEnglandColonies,MiddleColoniesandtheSouthernColonies.Threedifferentcoloniessharedthesamecharacterthattheirgoodsproductionandexchangedevelopedhighly.Thusthislaidthematerialfoundationfordevelopingcapitalism.
Inaddition,peopleofdifferentnationaloriginforcedsociallifetoshowmoreelasticity.Theylearnedtonotinterfereineachother’sprivacywhichwaslaterprotectedbythelaw,soAmericanlibertyanddemocracycouldbeunderstoodproperly.Thisisanimportantfactorthatcontributestoitslaterindependence.
2.TheWarofIndependence
TheAmericanwarofindependencewasamovementwhichextricateditselffromthecontrolofEngland.ThereasonwhyitbrokeoutisrelatedtotheBritain’spolicytoAmericanColoniesandthecolonies’development.
2.1CausesandProcessofItsIndependence
Firstly,conflictbetweentheEnglishrulingclassandcolonists.
As13colonieshaddeveloped,thereweresomanycomplicatedcontradictions,suchastheconflictbetweentheEnglishrulingclassandcolonistsandtheconflictbetweentherisingbourgeoisieandslaveownersetc.Buttheformercontradictionwasthemainconflict.Inthe17thand18thcenturies,theEnglishrulingclassdideverythingtheycouldtocontrolthedevelopmentofthecolonialeconomy.TheEnglishgovernmentpassedsomanyActstocollectcustomsandotherdutiesinAmericancoloniesandforbidthecoloniestoissuepapermoneyandrequirecoloniststohelphouseandfeedBritishregulartroopsstationedinthecolonies.
Britain’spolicytoAmericancoloniesdidn’tjuststimulatecolonists’hopetoprotecttheirpropertyandrights,moreover,stimulatecolonists’requirementtostriveforfreedomanddevelopingspace.
Secondly,theAmericancolonieswereabletowonitsindependence.
Ontheonehand,Colonialeconomyhaddevelopedgreatlywhenthewaroccurred.ItsmanufacturingcancompetewithEngland.ItisBritain’ssecondtradecompanionfollowingEurope.Ontheotherhand,colonialautonomyexpandedgradually.TheEnglishrulingjustcametothesurface,toagreatextent,coloniesreliedonthemselvestocontrol.
Therewerealsosomeotherreasons.Forinstance,Americannationhadformedandhadenoughconfidenceofdefendingthemselves.
Thirdly,thefirstshotinLexington.
TheteaActof1773andtheFirstContinentalCongressshowedthatpeopleinNorthAmericahadunitedtoresisttheBritish.OnthenightofSeptember5thin1775,itwasintheLexingtonthatthefirstshotintheAmericanWarofIndependencewasfired.
Thewarlastedforeightyears.Itwasmainlydividedintothreestages.
Atlast,EnglandsignedtheTreatyofParisandacknowledgedindependence,freedom,andsovereigntyofthe13states.
2.2EffectsofItsIndependence
Itwasaneloquentdefenceofhumanfreedom.KarlMarxcalledit“thefirstdeclarationofrightoftheindividual”.
VictoryoftheIndependenceWarbrokethecontrolofBritishcolonialismandwonthepoliticalindependence.ItalsoemancipatedtheproductiveforcesinAmericaandpioneeredwideroadtodevelopAmerica’scapitalismandmoderncivilization.Inaddition,ithelpedAmericanbreakwiththetraditionbeliefthatagovernmentmustalwaysbeobeyedwhetheritwasrightorwrong.Peoplehadtherighttoformamewgovernmenttoreplacetheoldonewhichhadbecomedestructive.ThecallforfreedomandequalitysoonbecamesopopularthatEuropewaswokenup.
2.3AppearanceoftheAmericanConstitution
AftertheWarofIndependence,Americanswentthroughanotherperiodofsocialadjustment.HowtoconverttheConfederationintotheFederationwasanewtestforanationofmanynations.Toshapeanewsocietyacceptabletoall,theyhadtodesignanewsystem—federalism.
Topreventthefruitofvictoryfromgoingupinsmoke,anumberofprominentpersons,metanddiscussedtheproblemfacingthenation.TheirconferenceledtotheopeningsessionoftheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia,onMay25,1787.Fifty-fivedelegatesfromallthestatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheConvention.Whileitisnotacceptedbyallstates,thedelegateshadtoworkoutsomethingwhichwouldbeacceptabletothedifferentstatesandsatisfytheirneeds.Aftermanyheateddebatesandrepeatedcompromise,theworkofwritingtheconventionwascompletedonSeptember17,1787
3.AnEraofExpansion
Fromtheendof18thcenturytothemiddleof19thcentury,Americadevoteditselftoexpandingterritory.NomatteritsexpansiontothewestortheMonroeDoctrine,alloftheseshowitsdesiretoexpand.
3.1EffectsofWestwardMovement
TheUSexpansiontothewestmaybetreatedinthreestages:
thesettlementoftheregionbetweentheoldseaboardstatesandtheMississippiRiver,thesettlementoftheLouisianaTerritoryandtheoccupationofthefarsouthwest.TheWestwardMovementisnotonlytheterritoryexpansion,butalsothedevelopmentofeconomicexpansion.IthadseveraleffectsonAmerica.
Firstly,itexpandedAmerica’sterritory.
Secondly,itpromotedtheadjustmentofpopulationdistribution.Thenewdevelopmentandprosperityattractedlargeamountofimmigrantstothewest.
Thirdly,itchangedagriculturedistributioninAmerica.Beforeitsindependence,thecentralofagriculturelocatedatthenortheastandcoloniesinthemiddleoftheAtlanticOcean,then,itmovedtotheMississippiRiver.Ontheotherhand,itstillchangedthestructureofAmericanagricultureandpromotedagriculturalmechanization.
Fourth,quickenthepaceoftapingwesternnaturalresources.ThediscoveryofgoldandoilprovidedAmericawithmanyopportunitiestotapthewest.Meanwhile,itpromotedtherevolutionintransportation.
ItisknownthatWestwardMovementistheprocesstoaccumulatecapitalthoughitbroughtsomedisasterstoaboriginalIndian.WestwardMovement,formofthemoderncivilization,laidthefoundationofAmerica’srise.
3.2TheMonroeDoctrine
Inordertotransformdivertinternalcontradiction,protectitsnewpoliticalpowerandexpanditsmarketsandrawmaterial,JamesMonroe,the5thU.S.President,designedtheforeignpolicywhichwasmainlyforLatinAmerica.
Basiccontent:
1.TheUSwouldnotinterfereintheaffairsofcoloniesownedbyEuropeannationsintheNewWorld.2.EuropeannationsshouldnotinterveneintheaffairsofindependentnationsoftheNewWorld.3.TheAmericancontinentsarenottobeconsideredassubjectsforfuturecolonizationbyanyEuropeanpowers.
TheessenceoftheDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”,whichlaterbecameacornerstoneoftheUS
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