语言学概论语言学课后习题答案.docx
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语言学概论语言学课后习题答案.docx
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语言学概论语言学课后习题答案
P73.Discusstherelationofarbitrarinessandrules?
Wordsarearbitraryinform,buttheyarenotrandomintheiruse.Althoughthelinkbetweenformandmeaningisarbitrary,thereexistedcertainrelationshipbetweenthem,whichcanbecalledrules.Theindividualdoesnothavethepowertochangeasigninanywayonceithasbecomeestablishedinthelinguisticcommunity.
P123.Pleaseexplaintheprimacyofhumanlanguageoveranimalcommunication.
Humanlanguageisprimaryoveranimalcommunicationinthefollowingaspects:
1)Humanhastheabilitytorefertothingsfarremoteintimeandspace.Incontrast,itmaybeimpossibleforananimaltoconveysuchability.
2)Humanhastheabilitytoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofnovelutterances,butnoanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.
3)Learningismuchmoreimportantasafactorinhumanlanguagethaninanimalcommunication.
4)Humanlanguagestructureandlanguageusearevastlymorecomplexthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.
5)Animalcommunicationsystemsareclosed-ended,whereashumanlanguagesareopen-ended.
P181.Identifythefunctionsofthefollowingsentences.
a)Ilikeyourhouseverymuch.b)Inowdeclarethemeetingclosed.
c)Nicetomeetyoud)ImetMaryinthelibrarythismorning.
a.Physiologicalfunctionb.Performativefunctionc.Phaticfunctiond.Informativefunction
P242.PleaselistfiveChineseonomatopoeticwords
轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪
3.Whatarethefunctionsofonomatopoeticwords?
Onomatopoeticwordsareimitationsofthesoundsofnature,andemotionalejaculationsofpain,fear,surprise,pleasure,anger,etc.Accordingtotheinventiontheory,onomatopoeticwordsformthebasisoflanguage,oratleastthecoreofthebasicvocabulary.
P283.Whatistherealobjectoflinguistics?
Therealobjectoflinguisticsistofindoutfundamentalrulesthatunderlieallthelanguagesintheworld.Weneedtolookintothecommonfeaturesofalllanguages,therangeofvariationsamonglanguages,thedifferenceofhumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunication,thechangeandevolutionoflanguage,therelationoflanguagetomindandsociety,andsoon.
P581.Whatisaphoneme?
Andwhatisanallophone?
Phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunitssusceptibleofconcomitantoccurrence.Inotherwords,aphonemeisablockthatcannotbebrokendownintosmallerparts;itisthesmallestelementrelevanttophonemicanalysis.Allophoneisthephoneticvariantofaphoneme.
P621.Whatdoestheword'distinctive'meanintheterm'distinctivefeatures'?
Distinctivefeaturescanbeusedtodistinguishonephonemefromanotheroronegroupofsoundsfromanothergroup.Thus,"distinctive"meansservingtoidentify,distinguishing.
P651.Whatdoescomplementarydistributionmean?
Whentwoormoresoundsneveroccurinanidenticalphonemiccontextorenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Thatistosay,complementarydistributionreferstothecaseinwhichoneoftwoormoresoundsoccurinacontexttotheexclusionofothersound(s),i.e.inacontextinwhichtheothersound(s)neveroccur(s).
P692.WhatistheimportanceofstressinEnglish?
StressinEnglishisveryimportant.Englishisastresslanguage.TherhythmofspokenEnglishistoaverylargeextentdeterminedbystrongbeatsfallingonthestressedsyllablesofwords.Thus,atypicalspokenutteranceofEnglishwillconsistofanumberofrhythmicunits.Eachunitisdominatedbythebeatofthestressedsyllable.Inverse,thewordingischaracteristicallyanddeliberatelyorganizedtoyieldaregularrhythm,andtheunitsofthisrhythmarecommonlycalled'feet'.ThiskindofrhythmputsacharacteristicstamponthenatureofspokenEnglish.
P753.Howcanyouidentifythemeaningofaword?
Apartfromtheconceptualmeaning(alsocalled"denotative","logical"or"cognitive"meaning),awordnormallyhasvariousassociatedmeanings,includingtheconnotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,andcollocativemeaning.Wecanturntothedictionaryforitsconceptualmeaning.Asforitsvariousassociatedmeanings,however,wehavetorelatethewordwithitscontext,includingthelinguisticcontextaswellasthecontextofsituationandthecontextofculture.
P821.Dividethefollowingwordsintomorphemesbyplacinga"+"betweeneachmorphemeandthenext.
1)unbearable 2)watchful 3)personification 4)unexceptionally5)uneducated 6)inspiring 7)soft-hearted 8)horsemanship
1.1)un-+bear+-able 2)watch+-ful 3)person+-ify(i)+-cation
4)un-+except+tion+-al+-ly 5)un-+educate+-(e)d 6)inspir(e)+-ing
7)soft+heart+-ed 8)horse+man+-ship
3.Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralformshave?
Thepluralshas3phonologically-conditionedallomorphs...and5morphologically-conditionedallomorphs:
(1)-(e)s,asin"cats","matches";
(2)-(r)en:
asin"oxen","children";(3)-e-:
asin"men","women";(4)-ee-,asin"feet","teeth";and(5)zero,asin"sheep","deer".
P932.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlexemeandword?
Alexemereferstothesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunitswhereasawordreferstothesmallestformofalanguagethatcanoccurbyitself.Alexememaybeormaynotbeidenticalwithaword.Forexample,thedefinitearticle"the"isbothalexemeandaword.However,thelexeme"putupwith"hasthreedifferentwords.
P1001.Isimmediateconstituentanalysiseffectivetoexplaindiscontinuousconstituents?
No.Immediateconstituentanalysisissolelyconcernedwiththesurfacestructuresoflanguage,whichonlyshowsthephysicalmanifestationofthelanguage,forexample,linearorderofasentence.Oneapproachtoexplainsentenceswithdiscontinuousconstituentsistorepresentthembytwophrasemarkers,whichwillbestructurallyrelated.Onephrasemarkerisderivedfromanother.Bytransformationalgrammar,thediscontinuousconstituentscanbeaccountedforeffectively.Transformationalrulesareresponsibleforthegenerationofinfinitelymanyphrasemarkersnotgenerateddirectlybythephrase-structurerules.
2.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofeachofthefollowing.
(a)averyoldwoodenhousedownthelane
(b)Hisoldfriendarrivedyesterday.
P1032.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawatreediagramofconstituentstructureforeachofthefollowingsentences:
(a)Asmartboyfooledtheclass.
(b)Thepaviliononthehillcollapsedinthewind.
(c)Everybodyknewthatthepresidentwouldwintheelection.
P1101.Drawthetreediagramsforthefollowingsentences:
(1)ShefoundabookonMadisonStreet.
(2)JackadvisedHenrytoseethedentist.
(3)JackpromisedHenrytoseethedoctor.
P115Exercises:
Whatistherelationshipbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructure?
Surfacestructurecanbederivedfromdeepstructure.Asurfacestructuremayberepresentedbymorethanonephrasemarker,whichinsenseisthesametoasinglephrasemarker.Thisonesinglephrasemarkerissaidtobethedeepstructure.Intheoperationfromdeepstructuretosurfacestructure,phrasestructurerulesandmodificationsareneededtoadd,delete,orpermuteconstituents.Therelationsbetweendeepandsurfacestructuresaretoberevealedthroughtransformationalrules.Inthisprocess,theorderorhierarchicrelationshipoftheconstituentsistobechanged.Theactualpronunciationisbasedonthesurfacestructure
P1201.Theformationofmanysentencesinvolvestheoperationofsyntacticmovement.Showthedeepstructuresforeachoffollowingsentences.
(a)Thebossofthebuscompanywasseverelycriticizedbythepublic.
(b)Thewomanthrewtherakeawayintheyard.
(c)Willthenewschoolmasterhireher?
(a)TherelevantpartsforthepassivetransformationalruleoftheabovesentencearethesubjectNP(herethepublic),theobjectNP(heretheboss,whichwillchangepositionswiththepublic),theV(criticize)andAUX,andthenabe+enauxiliarywillbeinserted.Thedeepstructureshouldbeitscorrespondingactivevariant,whichisThepubliccriticizedthebossofthebuscompanyseverely.
(b)InthederivationofThewomanthrewtherakeawayintheyard.,theunderlyingstructure,Thewomanthrewawaytherakeintheyard.isalsothedeepstructure.Itisgeneratedbythephrase-structurerules,includingtherulewhichstatesthataV(verb)consistsofaVprt(verbsthatcancombinewithverbalparticles)andaPrt(verbalparticles).Inthesurfacestructure,anewphrasemarkerisproducedinwhichtheparticleismovedtotherightoftheNP.
(c)Thequestionruleformulatesthatinordertoformayes-noquestionfromthedeclarativesentence,movethefirstauxiliaryverbofthemainsentence(inthiscase,will)immediatelybeforethefirstNPofthatsentence(here,thenewschoolmaster).So,thedeepstructureofthequestionshouldbeitsdeclarativevariant,whichisThenewschoolmasterwillhireher.
2.Pleasedisplaythetransformationalrulesinvolvedinthefollowingsentences.
(a)Whatcanthecomputerprogramdoforus?
Awhinterrogativesentenceisderivedbyamovementrulefromadeepstructuresimilartothatofthedeclarativecounterpart.So,thesentencelikeWhatcanthecomputerprogramdoforus?
wouldderivefromadeepstructureintheformofThecomputerprogramcando"what"forus?
.Thewh-elementoccursinitiallyandisfollowedbytenseandanauxiliary.Inthissentence,theobjectisfronted.First,theinterrogativetransformationwhichswitchesroundthea
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