TPO 09阅读详细解析.docx
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TPO 09阅读详细解析.docx
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TPO09阅读详细解析
TPO09
Paragraph1:
1.Accordingtoparagraph1,thetheorythatpeoplefirstmigratedtotheAmericansbywayofanice-freecorridorwasseriouslycalledintoquestionby
○paleoecologistGlenMacDonald'sargumentthattheoriginalmigrationoccurredmuchlaterthanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved
○thedemonstrationthatcertainpreviouslyacceptedradiocarbondateswereincorrect
○evidencethatthecontinentalicebeganitsfinalretreatmuchlaterthanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved
○researchshowingthattheice-freecorridorwasnotaslonglastingashadbeenwidelyassumed
2.Thewordpersuasivelyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○aggressively
○inflexibly
○convincingly
○carefully
Paragraph2:
3.Paragraph2beginsbypresentingatheoryandthengoesonto
○discusswhythetheorywasrapidlyacceptedbutthenrejected
○presenttheevidenceonwhichthetheorywasbased
○citeevidencethatnowshowsthatthetheoryisincorrect
○explainwhythetheorywasnotinitiallyconsideredplausible
4.Thephrasepriortoisclosestinmeaningto
○before
○immediatelyafter
○during
○inspiteof
5.Paragraph2supportstheideathat,beforethe1970s,themostarchaeologistsheldwhichofthefollowingviewsabouttheearliestpeopletoreachtheAmericas?
○TheycouldnothavesaileddirectlyfromBeringiatoAlaskaandthensouthwardbecause,itwasthought,glacialicecoveredtheentirecoastalregion.
○Theywerenotawarethattheclimatewouldcontinuetobecomemilder
○TheywouldhavehadnointerestinmigratingsouthwardfromBeringiauntilafterthecontinentalglaciershadbeguntomelt
○Theylackedthenavigationalskillsandappropriateboatsneededlong-distancetrips.
Paragraph3:
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaystoleaveoutessentialinformation.
○Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.
○Fladmark'shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.
○ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark'shypothesis
○AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.
Paragraph4:
7.Theauthor'spurposeinparagraph4isto
○indicatethatanumberofrecentgeologicstudiesseemtoprovidesupportforthecoastalhypothesis
○indicatethatcoastalandinlandmigrationsmayhavehappenedsimultaneously
○explainwhyhumansmayhavereachedAmerica'snorthwestcoastbeforeanimalsandplantsdid
○showthatthecoastalhypothesismayexplainhowpeoplefirstreachedAlaskabutitcannotexplainhowpeoplereachedareaslikemodernBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState
8.ThewordVastinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○Frozen
○Various
○Isolated
○Huge
Paragraph5:
9.Accordingtoparagraph5,thediscoveryoftheremainsoflargelandanimalssupportsthecoastalhypothesisbyprovidingevidencethat
○humanswerechangingtheirhuntingtechniquestoadapttocoastalratherthaninlandenvironments
○animalshadmigratedfromtheinlandtothecoasts,anindicationthatamidcontinentalice-freecorridorwasactuallyimplausible
○humansprobablywouldhavebeenabletofindenoughresourcesalongthecoastalcorridor
○thecontinentalshelfwasstillexposedbylowersealevelsduringtheperiodwhenthesouthwardmigrationofpeoplebegan
10.Thewordinhospitableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○notfamiliar
○notsuitable
○notdangerous
○notreachable
11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas
○16,000yearsago
○14,000yearsago
○12,500yearsago
○10,000yearsago
Paragraph6:
12.Thewordimpetusinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○chance
○protection
○possibility
○incentive
Paragraph1:
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Moreover,otherevidencesuggeststhatevenifanice-freecorridordidexist,itwouldhavelackedtheresourcesneededforhumancolonization.
Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?
14.
Recentevidencefavorsarivaltothelong-standingtheorythattheAmericaswerecolonized11,000-12,000yearsagobypeoplemigratingsouthfromBeringiaalongamidcontinentalice-freecorridor
●
●
●
AnswerChoices
1.Evidencethatanice-freecorridorbetweentwoicesheetsdevelopedwhenthecontinentalicefirstbegantomeltcameprimarilyfromradiocarbondating.
2.Thereisgrowingsupportforthetheorythatmigrationtookplacemuchearlier,bysea,followingacoastalroutealongAlaskaanddownthenorthwestcoast.
3.Recentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatcontrarytowhathadbeenbelieved,substantialareasalongthecoastwerefreeoficeasearlyas16,000yearsago.
4.Researchnowindicatesthatthepartsoftheinnercontinentalshelfthatremainedcoveredwithicewerecolonizedbyavarietyofearlyhumangroupswelladaptedtolivinginextremelycoldenvironments.
5.Thereisevidencesuggestingthatareasalongthecoastmayhavecontainedenoughfoodresourcesbetween13,000and14,000yearsagotohavemadehumancolonizationpossible.
6.Eventhoughthenorthernpartofthecontinentallowedforamorevariedeconomy,severalearlyhumangroupsquicklymovedsouth.
ColonizingtheAmericasviatheNorthwestCoast
IthaslongbeenacceptedthattheAmericaswerecolonizedbyamigrationofpeoplesfromAsia,slowlytravelingacrossalandbridgecalledBeringia(nowtheBeringStraitbetweennortheasternAsiaandAlaska)duringthelastIceAge.■Thefirstwatercrafttheoryaboutthemigrationwasthataround11,000-12,000yearsagotherewasanice-freecorridorstretchingfromeasternBeringiatotheareasofNorthAmericasouthofthegreatnorthernglaciers.Itwasthemidcontinentalcorridorbetweentwomassiveicesheets-theLaurentidetothewest-thatenabledthesouthwardmigration.■Butbeliefinthisice-freecorridorbegantocrumblewhenpaleoecologistGlenMacDonalddemonstratedthatsomeofthemostimportantradiocarbondatesusedtosupporttheexistenceofanice-freecorridorwereincorrect.■Hepersuasivelyarguedthatsuchanice-freecorridordidnotexistuntilmuchlater,whenthecontinentalicebeganitsfinalretreat.■
Supportisgrowingforthealternativetheorythatpeopleusingwatercraft,possiblyskinboats,movedsouthwardfromBeringiaalongtheGulfofAlaskaandthensouthwardalongtheNorthwestCoastofNorthAmericapossiblyasearlyas16,000yearsago.ThisroutewouldhaveenabledhumanstoentersouthernareasoftheAmericanspriortothemeltingofthecontinentalglaciers.Untiltheearly1970s,mostarchaeologistsdidnotconsiderthecoastapossiblemigrationrouteintotheAmericansbecausegeologistsoriginallybelievedthatduringthelastIceAgetheentireNorthwestCoastwascoveredbyglacialice.IthadbeenassumedthattheiceextendedwestwardfromtheAlaskan/Canadianmountainstotheveryedgeofthecontinentalshelf,theflat,submergedpartofthecontinentthatextendintotheocean.ThiswouldhavecreatedabarrieroficeextendingfromtheAlaskaPeninsula,throughtheGulfofAlaskaandsouthwardalongtheNorthwestCoastofNorthAmericatowhatistodaythestateofWashington.
ThemostinfluentialproponentofthecoastalmigrationroutehasbeenCanadianarchaeologistKnutFladmark.Hetheorizedthatwiththeuseofwatercraft,peoplegraduallycolonizedunglaciatedrefugesandareasalongthecontinentalshelfexposedbythelowersealevel.Fladmark'shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericans,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.
Morerecentgeologicstudiesdocumenteddeglaciationandtheexistenceofice-freeareasthroughoutmajorcoastalareasofBritishColumbia,Canada,by13,000yearsago.ResearchnowindicatesthatsizableareasofsoutheasternAlaskaalongtheinnercontinentalshelfwerenotcoveredbyicetowardtheendofthelastIceAge.Onestudysuggeststhatexceptfora250-milecoastalareabetweensouthwesternBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState,theNorthwestCoastofNorthAmericawaslargelyfreeoficebyapproximately16,000yearsago.Vastareasalongthecoastmayhavebeendeglaciatedbeginningaround16,000yearsago,possiblyprovidingacoastalcorridorforthemovementofplants,animals,andhumanssometimebetween13,000and14,000yearsago.
Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.FladmarkandothersbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.
Thecoastalhypothesissuggestsaneconomybasedonmarinemammalhunting,saltwaterfishinggathering,andtheuseofwatercraft.Becauseofthebarrieroficetotheeast,thePacificOceantothewest,andpopulatedareastothenorth,theremayhavebeenagreaterimpetusforpeoplet
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