苏州博物馆与苏州园林之比较分析英文.docx
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苏州博物馆与苏州园林之比较分析英文.docx
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苏州博物馆与苏州园林之比较分析英文
InheritanceandInnovationofCultureinSuzhouMuseumDesign
Ithinkanexcellentbuildingisalwaysregardedasamonumentoftraditionalcultureandaestheticachievement.Acityoranationwillnothavestatuswithoutitsownrepresentativebuildings.Insuchaenvironmentofglobalization,manyChinesecontemporarybuildingshavebeenbeinginfluencedbytheWesternarchitecturalstyles.ThearchitecturalstyleofmostcontemporarybuildingsisshowingatendencytoWesternarchitecturalstylesuchassomeskyscrapers.Asaconsequence,peoplecannotpointoutanyelementorfactorofChinesecontemporaryarchitecturalstyleshavelocalculturalcharacteristic.
Frommypointofview,buildingsarealwaysplayingcrucialroleintheenvironmentofawholecity,andoneofthemostimportantprinciplesistoconsidertherelationbetweenlocalhistoricalcultureandsurroundingenvironment.Howeverabuildingnotonlyhastoreflecttraditionalculturebutalsosupportedbynewtechnologies.ItalianstructuralengineerarchitectPierLuigiNervi'sthesisisthat"agoodarchitectureisasynthesisoftechnologyandart."Thecitybuildingsshouldhavetheattributeoftechnologyandculture.Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyisachievedbydiscoveryorinvention,thatistosay,newtechnologiesareupdatedallthetime,peoplecanabandonoutdatedtechnologieswithoutthinking.However,theprogressofcultureandartshoulddependontheaccumulation,itisagradualchange.Andthemostsignificantistobalanceinheritanceandinnovation.Therefore,facingthechallengeofWesternculture,howcanabuildinghaslocaltraditionalcultureandkeepstepwiththecontemporarysocietyofChina?
IthinkthenewSuzhouMuseumisagoodexampletoanswerthequestion.
SuzhouisrenownedasacenterofartandcultureinChina.Itisanancientcityhas2700-yearhistory."ManygracefulepithetshavebeenappliedtoSuzhou--'VeniceofChina'(Fig.1),'cityofgarden'(Fig.2)--foritsbridgesandgardenswereasrenownedasitspagodasandtemples.DuringtheMingdynasty(1368-1644)thecitywasagatheringplaceforthenation'sleadingpoetsandpainters,whichmayaccountforthenumberofoutstandinglybeautifulgardenswhichbroughtthecityfame.MorethanahundredsuchgardensinandaroundSuzhou,wererecordedinthecity'shistory."
AlltheSuzhoutraditionalgardensareprivategardens.Theexistingprivategardenswerebuiltasretreatsbygentlemenscholars,therichandrankedclassoffeudalsociety."Mostoftheprivategardenswerebuiltadjacenttotheirresidences,asanextensionoftheformalcourtyardhousestoprovidearefugefromthetensionofthehierarchicalsociety.Somegardenswereconstructedasresortsintendedonlyforoccasionalvisits,whenthehousegardenswereconsideredtoofamiliartolendenchantment.Theoriginalmotiveforbuildingprivategardensseemstohavebeenanadmirationforwildernesshamperedbyunwillingnesstoforsaketheconvenienceofcitylife.Effortsweremadetocreateminiatureworldsofwildernessincityareas."Privategardenswereintendedtoofferidealenvironmentsforscholasticactivitiessuchasstudying,painting,composingverses,cultivatingplants,fish,andbirds,andgardenmakingitself.
Nowadays,Suzhouchangedgreatly.IncreasingnumberofmodernbuildingswhichareinfluencedbyWesternculturehaveappearedinthispeacefulcity(Fig.3).Nothingcanimpressyouexcepttheshape,hi-techormaterials.I.M.Pei,whodesignedthenewSuzhouMuseum,isafamousmodernismarchitectintheworld.Hesaid,"Chinesearchitecturereallydoesn'thaveasenseofdirection.Sincemingdynasty,therereallyhasn'tbeenanythingthatonecansay,'none'.Aninterruptionof500years--that'sserious."
I.M.Peialsosaid,"suzhouissurroundedbywater.Wateriseverywhere.It'saverypoeticplace.Butmostimportant,IthinkwhenyoulookatsuzhouyouhavetothinkofSuzhouasacitythatis2,500yearsold.Builtofwoodandbuiltoftileandbrick.Sothisisasmall-scalecity.Itisahuman-scalecity.Anditisacityforlife,forpeoplelivingthere.Andassuch,Ithinkthemuseumhastoreflectthistraditionandatthesametimewehavetothinkabout'change'.Suzhoucannotremainlikethisforever.Ithastohaveachancetorenewitself--tobecomemodern."Suzhouisenteringintoamodernworld,Itneedsanewsymbol,andthissymbolshouldharmonizethetraditionalcultureandmodernconsciousness.Ontheonehand,itneedsinheritance,onetheotherhand,itneedsinnovation.TheculturalinheritanceofthenewSuzhouMuseumisaccomplishedbymanyfactorslikeform,colors,materialsandsoon.ItisaThree-dimensionalarttodesignabuilding.Ibelieveformconcernsspiritwhichdependsonmaterials,shapesandartsform.InnovationofEasternandWesternculturecanonlybeachievedbytherecombinationofformsandmaterials.Itcannotbeconsideredasmodernornationalstyleonlybysimplyusingmodernsymbolpatternandnewarchitecturalmaterials.Itisnotdoubtthattheissueofcombinationofcultureandformhasalreadybecomeabasicissueofmakingcontemporaryarchitecturemodernandnational.
ThenewSuzhouMuseumisthesymbolcombinesSuzhoutraditionstyleandmodernism.Itevokesmemoriesofurbanarchitecturalculture.ThenewSuzhouMuseumwasestablishedonOctober6th,2006nexttotheWorldCulturalHeritage--ZhuoZhengyuanGarden(HumbleAdministrator'sGarden).ThenewSuzhouMuseumisthelatestmasterpieceofI.M.Peiforhishometown--Suzhou.IamgoingtocomparethenewSuzhouMuseumwithSuzhoutraditionalgardensfromseveralaspects.Acloseranalysisfollow:
LayoutThebuildingcomplexoftheSuzhouMuseumisdividedintothreemajorparts.Thecenterpartincludestheentrance,frontcourtandgreathallwhilethewestwingisdesignedasthemainexhibitionarea,andtheeastbelongstoprimarilytheadministrationofficesandsub-exhibitiongalleries.Thetotalexhibitionareacoversroughly3600squaremeters,andhouses1160culturalrelicsdatedfromtheprehistoriceratoMingandQingDynastiesaswellasmorerecentyears.TheresemblanceisthelayoutofthenewSuzhouMuseumandSuzhoutraditionalgardens."TheoutstandingachievementinChinesegardendesigningistheunityofnaturalandman-madebeauty,especiallythelayout.TheideologicalbaseforthiscanbetracedbackovertwothousandfivehundredyearstothephilosophicalandaestheticthoughtofConfucianismandDaoism.AmajorprincipleofthesetwodoctrinesusedincreatingatraditionalChinesegardenisthattheman-madeandnaturalscenesshouldblendtogether.Laozi,thefounderofTaoism,believedthat'emptiness'and'calm'weretwoaspectsoftheDaoofnature.Forinstance,althoughamountainvalleywas'empty',itwasaplacewherewaterscouldruntogether;althougharoomwas'empty',itspotentialstemmedpreciselyfromitsemptiness.Anemptyobjectwasnotunderstoodtobevoid;itwasbrimmingwithendlesscreativepossibilities,itspotentialuseswereinexhaustible.Suzhoutraditionalgardensoftenfeaturean"emptyobjectinthemiddle";the"emptyobject"comesfromDaoismandtheplacementatthe"center"fromtheConfuciandoctrineofthemean."ThemajorityofSuzhoutraditionalgardenswhichwerebuiltaccordingtothistheoryareemptyattheircorewithscenicobjectsdistributedaroundthesides.(Fig.4)
ThenewSuzhouMuseumalsohasapondinthecenterofthebuilding,andplaysaroleofemptiness.Althoughthepond'sshapeofmuseumisregularwhichisquitedifferentfromtheirregularshapeofpondofSuzhoutraditionalgardens,thenewSuzhouMuseumstillexpressthespiritofemptiness.(Fig.5Fig.6)
ShapesWhenI.M.PeidecidedtodesignthenewSuzhouMuseum,hecameupwithanidea"nottoohigh,nottoolargeandnottooabrupt."ThatmeansthenewSuzhouMuseumshouldwellblendintothesurroundingenvironment.ThenewSuzhouMuseumhasageometricappearancewhichisacharacteristicofmodernarchitecture.ThegateatthenewSuzhouMuseumhasadoublelayerofglasseaves,twinsideextensions,andametalstructure.(Fig.7)ThenewSuzhouMuseumgateneedsaopenandinvitingdesignwhichisquitedifferentfromthegateofSuzhoutraditionalgardens.TheSuzhoutraditionalgardensfeaturetheenclosedhighwallandaforeverclosedredgate,becausemostownersofSuzhoutraditionalgardensarehermits,andtheydon'twanttobeinfluencedbysociety.Thefreshstylegatewilldefinitelyattractvisitortoenterintothegreatlobbysituatedbetweenthefrontentrancecourtandtherearmuseumgarden.TheroofofthemuseumhasaindicationofSuzhoutraditionalgardens'stileroofs.Similar,butnotquitethesame.Fromtheperspectiveofarchitecturalstructure,themuseum'sroofwithmoderngeometricfigureincludethebasicconceptofSuzhoutraditionalroof.Triangleandsquareareduplicatedandreconstructedcontinuously(Fig.8).WhydidnotPeiusethesamerooflikeSuzhoutraditionalgardens?
I.M.PeiansweredthequestionfromagroupofpeoplefromSuzhouplanningbureauandthemuseum."Pei:
Shouldweusetileroof?
And,uh--andweareusingstoneroof.Man:
Pei,Ilikeyourdesign,butIthinkyoumakeabigmistake.Thisisatradition.Pei:
I'msorry,thereasonisbecausetileroofissostrongapersonality.Itactuallymakesitimpossibleforyoutomakeformoutofit,becausetheroofisabsolutelytoodominant.(Fig.9)Sototaketheroofawayistheremoveofatyrannywhichmakesitpossibletoinnovate.CharlesJencks(aarchitecturalhistorian)said,Iunderstandwhypeiwasworriedaboutdoingtileroofsinsuzhou,because,
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