跨文化.docx
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跨文化.docx
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跨文化
一、IntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication
Factorsofthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication
TechnologicalDevelopment
GlobalizationoftheEconomy
WidespreadPopulationMigration
二、thecharacteristicsofcultureis
①Holistic整体的
Culturecanbedividedintoseveralsubsystems
②Learned
Becausecultureis
1.asharedsymbolic象征的象征性的system
2.Theonlywayforgroupmemberstointegrate使一体化使整合into,reinforce,加固使结实&co-createthissharedsymbolicsystemisthroughalearningprocess.
3.Webegintolearnourcultureconsciously有意识的自觉地&unconsciously.未意识到的不知不觉的
4.Otherchannels通道suchasschools,newspaper,internetandart.
③Dynamic动态的
1.Culturesareconstantly不断地时常的changingovertime
2.Fourmajormechanisms机制accountfor说明导致引起thechangeofcultures
technologicalinvention发明
Disasters灾难
culturalcontacts联络
Environmental环境的factors
④Shared
Peoplewiththesamecultureshareideasandwaysofbehaving.同样的文化的人分享想法和行为。
⑤Pervasive普遍的扩大的
Culturepenetrates渗透intoeveryaspect方面ofourlife
Culturehasadirectinfluenceonthephysical,rational,神志清楚的理性的andperceptual知觉的有知觉的environment
⑥Created
Eachdifferentgrouporpopulationcreatesitsownwayoflife,withthevalues,norms,behaviors,andmaterial材料objects物体目标thattheyfeelbestfittheirsituation情况局面形势
三、WholeCultureandSubculture
Itstandsforthewholenation/peopleinonecountry.Itisthemainstream主流cultureofasociety.
vSubculturesare
variations变化ofthedominant占优势的统治的culturethatexistinasociety.sharedbyminority.少数少数民族ethnic种族的,regional地区的区域的,occupational,socialeconomical,经济的religious宗教的orgender-relatedinnature.
四、Componentsofculturalpatterns文化模式的组成部分
①Beliefs信仰
Beliefsareideasthatpeopleassume承担tobetrueabouttheworld.
②Values
valuesserveasguidingprinciplesinpeople’slives.
③Norms
Definition:
Sociallysharedexpectations希望ofappropriate适当的behaviors
Functions:
Toguidepeople’sinteractions,合作behaviors
Peopleareexpectedtobehaveaccordingtotheirculture’snorms.
④Socialpractices
Definition:
thepredictable可预见的behaviorpatterns榜样thatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow一种文化成员通常遵循可预知的行为模式
Itisunnecessary不必要的tofollowthe“typical”socialpracticesalltheway.
Eachpersondiffersinuniqueandsignificant重要的有意义的ways在独特而重要的方面每个人不同
五、activityorientation方向趋向
Types
Being
Becoming
Doing
Characteristics
Accept承认fate命运宿命
Allisinevitable不可避免的
noclear-cutseparationbetweenwork&play
Changeoneselfaschangingtheworld
noclear-cutseparationbetweenwork&play
Fighton,workhard,nevergiveup
focusonwhatpeopledo&howtheysolveproblems
Typicalcountries
AfricanAmerican&Greekcultures
NativeAmericans,Chinese,SouthAmericans
EuropeanAmericans
六、SocialRelationsOrientation
Describeshowpeopleinacultureorganizethemselvesandrelatetoeachother
Canrangefromonethatemphasizesdifferencesandsocialhierarchy一个强调差异和社会等级
toonethatstrivesforequalityandtheabsenceofhierarchy.一个争取平等但缺乏层次结构
七、TimeOrientation
Timeorientationconcernshowpeopleconceptualizetime.
Future-oriented(e.g.EuropeanAmericans)
Present-oriented(e.g.NativeAmericansandLatinos)
Past-oriented(e.g.JapaneseandChinese)
八、Self-Orientation
①Peopleareinherentlygood,theymustbeprotectedfromexposuretocorruptinginfluence.
②Theybelievetheselfislocatedsolelywithintheindividual,andtheindividualisdefinitelyseparatefromothers.Fromaveryyoungage,childrenareencouragedtomaketheirowndecisions.Individualsmustsettheirowngoalsandidentifythemeansnecessarytoachievethem.Innovationandnewideas,ratherthanthewisdomofthepast,areregardedasimportant.
EuropeanAmericansveneratetheinnovator,andthepersonwhotriessomethingnew.创新和新的想法,
Chap3
九、Individualism
①.ConnotationofIndividualism:
theindividualisthesinglemostimportantunitinanysocialsetting在任何社交场合个人是最重要的单一单位
independenceisstressed强调独立
individualachievementisrewarded奖励个人成就
theuniquenessofeachindividualisofprimevalue
②.1.Self-control,self-esteem,self-reliance,self-confidence,self-denial,self-respect
2.Liberaltheme:
equalrights&equalopportunities
3.Liberalprinciples---coreoftheAmericanculturalfeature.
4.“I”culture---individualsareemphasized
5.Freedom---tocontroltheirowndestiny
6.TheAmericanpeoplebelievethatcompetitionandthedesiretotryandwinarehealthyanddesirable.
7.Materialwealthisthemostwidelyacceptedtomeasurestatus.
8.Socialrelationsarebasedontheautonomyofeachperson
9.EachpersoninAmericahashisprivacyandseeksforthefreedomofprivacyanddifference
10.Americanshaveaspecialfeelingaboutjobs,definingselfandothersbyoccupation
11.Americansalwaystrytobebest,goaheadandindependent.Theytrytocreatechancesinsteadofwaitingforchances.
十、Collectivism
Definition:
thebroadvaluetendenciesofacultureinemphasizingtheimportanceofthe“we”identityoverthe“I”identity,身份个性grouprightsoverindividualrights,andin-group-orientedneedsoverindividualwantsanddesires.广泛的文化价值的倾向,强调“我们”的身份,团体对个人权利的权利,集团化的需求,“我们”的身份的重要性。
十一、
HomogeneityisthecorevalueofJapanesesociety同一性是日本社会的核心价值
十二、Individualist-CollectivistPriorities个人主义,集体主义的优先事项
Individualism
Collectivism
1.Freedom
1.Belonging
2.Independence
2.Groupharmony和谐
3.Self-reliance依靠
3.Collectiveness
4.Equality
4.Age/Seniority
5.Competition
5.Cooperation
6.Efficiency效率
6.Quality
7.Time
7.Patience
8.Directness
8.Indirectness
9.Openness
9.Go-between
十三、
Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode—straighttalk,nonverbalimmediacy直接及时,andsender-orientedvalues.
Low-contextcommunicatorswouldspeaktheirmindsandtellthetruthandbeopenandprecise清晰地准确的withothers.
十四、
Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.细微巧妙
Chap4
十五、Naturalenvironment
Mountainsorflatterrain山区或地势平坦
Barrenorfertileland瘠或肥沃的土地
Availabilityofresources资源的可用性
十六、
⏹Royalpalaceandfolk民族家属housesharethesamestyle.Theyaresymmetrical(对称),regular,cyclic(环形).
⏹Chineseareconservative.(保守)
⏹Chinesethinkhighlyoftraditionsandrules.
Foreignersaregenerallyopeninmind,whileChineseareconsideredkindofconservative守旧的人保守党andcloseinmind.
十七、MonochromicTimeOrientation
Timeisexperiencedandusedinalinearway
Peoplemarchtimefromthepastintothefuture.
Timecanbesaved,killed,dividedandevenbought.
十八、PolychromaticTimeOrientation
Peopletreattimeinaholisticway.。
Peopletendtoengage从事使从事inseveralactivitiesatthesametime.。
Thesenseoftimeorpunctuality正确规矩isslim.
Chap5
十九、10components成分
二十、Characteristicsofcommunication
Symbolic(符号的)Interpretive(理解的)Transactional(互动的)Contextual(语境的)Dynamic(动态的)
二十一、CommunicationisContextual沟通是语境
Acommunicationthattakesplacewithinasettingorsituationiscalledacontext.被称为上下文。
ThecontextincludesthePhysical;Social;andInterpersonalsettings.上下文包括物理,社会及人际设置。
Chap6
二十二、DenotationandConnotation
Denotation:
theconceptual观念的meaningorlinguistic语言的语法学的meaningorliteralmeaningofthewordthatdesignates指出ordescribesthings,eventsorprocesses过程,etc.Itistheprimary,explicit明确的meaninggiveninthedefinitionofawordinadictionary.外延:
概念性的含义或语言意义或字面意思,指定或介绍事物,事件或过程等,是首要的,明确的含义,在字典中的单词的定义。
Connotation内涵含义:
theemotional易动感情的orstylistic文体的体裁上的associations经济联合联想thatawordorphrase短语suggestsinone'smind.内涵:
一个单词或词组,表明一个人的头脑中的情绪或文体组织。
Chap7
二十三Functionsofnonverbalcommunication
NonverbalmessagescanSubstitute代替替换forverbal言语的口头的messages
Amplify放大ortonedown使温和一些averbalmessage
Nonverbalsymbolscancommunicateutilitarian功利的实用的messages
Emphasize强调着重feelingsoremotions
Controlotherperson’sbehaviors
Convey传达somemessagesthatareawkwardordifficulttoexpressinwords
Nonverbalcommunicationcanregulate调节控制&manage使用完成ourcommunication
二十四、
Thumbs-up:
theChinese:
“excellent”or“numberone”;;
TheJapanese:
boss,father,orhusband;、
NorthAmericans:
“Okay”or“righton”.
TheMiddleEast:
anobscenegesture
Gesture“zero”
NorthAmericans:
everythingisperfect
Japanese:
money
TheFrench:
someoneisa“zero,”or“nothing”.
MaltaandGreece:
aninsult侮辱凌辱
Brazil:
anobscene可憎的gesture手势
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