Technical Abstract.docx

Technical Abstract.docx

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TechnicalAbstract

TechnicalAbstract

Anamazingtorrentofnewtechnicalinformationcomestouseachday,includingscientificarticles,technicalreports,businessstudies,anddailymemos,etc.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatevenverybrightpeoplearebeingoverwhelmedbytheseaofinformation.Thejobforatechnicalwriteristoturnthetorrentofinformationintousefulknowledge.Andoneofthemosteffectivewaysindoingthisistheabstract.

Technicalabstractsaregenerallyusedtoaccomplishtwomajortasks:

selectingandindexing检索.Abstractsallowreaderswhomaybeinterestedinthefullarticletoquicklydecidewhetheritisworththeirtimetoreadit.Also,manyonlinedatabasesuseabstractstoindexlargerworks.Therefore,abstractscontainkeywordsandphrasesthatallowforeasysearching.

Theabstractisusuallythefirstsectionofanacademicresearchpaper,comingafterthetitleandbeforetheintroduction.However,itcanalsobeusedindependentlyasasubstituteoftheresearchpaperinthedatabaseorindex索引forpaperretrieval论文检索.Theabstractprovidesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofthestudybasedoninformationfromthefullreport.

I.TypesoftheTechnicalAbstract

Accordingtotheirfunctionsandcontents,abstractscanbeclassifiedinthreetypes:

descriptiveabstracts,evaluativeabstractsandinformativeabstracts.

1.DescriptiveAbstract说明性摘要

Adescriptiveabstractindicatesthetypeofinformationfoundinthework.Itmerelyidentifiestheareastobecoveredinthereport.Itisanextendedstatementofpurposeorscope,butmakesnojudgmentsaboutthework,nordoesitprovideresultsorconclusionsoftheresearch.Somepeopleconsideritanoutlineofthework,ratherthanasummary.Descriptiveabstractsareusuallyveryshort—100wordsorless.

DescriptiveAbstract

Thisreportanalyzestheprinciplesofmagneticrefrigerationwithapplicationtoairconditioning.Acomparisonwiththeconventionalevaporation-condensationgascycledeviceispresented.Theapplicabilityofmagneticrefrigerationtoairconditioningisdiscussed.该报告分析了磁制冷用于空调的原理。

与传统的蒸发凝聚气体装置进行了比较。

对于把磁致冷应用于空调进行了讨论。

Thedescriptiveabstractmerelytellswhatthefullreportcontains.Afterreadingtheabstractabove,yougettoknowwhatthisarticleisabout,buttogetthemainidea,youmustreadthearticle.Themainpurposeofthedescriptiveabstractistohelpbusyreadersquicklydecidewhethertheyneedorwanttheinformationinthearticleenoughtoreaditentirely.Unliketheinformativeabstract,itcannotserveasasubstituteforthearticleitself.

2.EvaluativeAbstract评论性摘要

Anevaluativeabstractisalsocalledacriticalabstract.Itsprimarypurposeistoanalyzetheaccuracy,completeness,usefulness,appeal,andreadabilityofanarticle.Theevaluativeabstractemphasizesthewriter’sassessmentoftheoriginalwork.Intheevaluativeabstractyoucanincludeyourowncommentsandreactions—yourthoughtsandfeelingsregardingthematerialandthepresentationofthematerial.

EvaluativeAbstract

Thisarticlepresentsfourstrategiesforreadingtechnicalinformationeffectively.Thearticleisbothinterestingandinstructive,witheachstrategydescribedindetailandwithexamples.本文叙述了有效地进行专业信息阅读的四种策略。

文章既有趣味性又有知识性，对每一种策略都进行了详细叙述并举例说明。

Inthisabstract,thefirstsentenceisdescriptive.Inthesecondsentence,thephrases“bothinterestingandinstructive”and“indetailandwithexamples”givethewriter’sassessmentoftheoriginalarticlebutnotthecontentormainideaofit.Suchtypeofabstractisusuallyusedinbookreviews.Thecharacteristicsofasic-techpaperareobjectivenessandstrictness.Theevaluationofthearticleshouldbemadebyreadersbutnotauthors.Therefore,thistypeofabstractisrarelyusedinresearchpapers.

3.InformativeAbstract报道性摘要

Aninformativeabstractsummarizestheentirereportandgivesthereaderanoverviewofthefactsthatislaidoutindetailinthepaperitself.Itpresentsandexplainsbrieflythemainpointsofthearticle,includingthebackground,purposes,methods,resultsandconclusions,etc.Itservesasasubstituteoftheoriginalandistheproperformforpaperretrieving.

InformativeAbstract

1Itisgenerallybelievedthatfoodhabitsofcloselyrelatedspeciesdonotoverlapsignificantlywherespeciesoccurtogether.2Theobjectiveofthestudywastotestthetheoryofcompetitiveexclusion.3ThefoodhabitsoflarvalbutterfliesoftworelatedspeciesfromazoneofoverlapnearOilCity,PAwereexamined.4Transectsinfivedifferenthabitatswereusedtodeterminefoodandhabitatpreferencesinwildpopulations.5Twospeciesofcaptivecaterpillarswereofferedvariousfoodsinthelaboratory;weightchangesoffoodsandcaterpillarsweredetermineddaily.6Foodhabitsinoverlappinghabitatsweresignificantlydifferentbetweenthetwospecies（p=0.001）.7Foodhabitsinnon-overlappinghabitatswerenotsignificantlydifferent（p=0.52）.7Therewerenodifferencesinfoodpreferences（p=0.76）orgrowthrates（p=0.88）ondifferentfoodsinlaboratorymaintainedpopulations.8Thesespeciesareabletocoexistbecausetheyarenotcompetingforthesame,andlimiting,foodresourcesinthesamearea.9Theseresultssupportthetheoryofcompetitiveexclusionbecausethetwospeciesdidnotusethesamefoodresourcesfromsimilarhabitats.

通常认为，生活在同一地域的亲密相关物种的食物习性是不会明显地相互重叠的。

该研究的目的是检验竞争排斥理论。

对有亲缘关系的两种蝴蝶幼虫的食物习性进行了研究，这些幼虫来自宾夕法尼亚石油城附近的一个部分重叠地区。

使用五个不同栖息地的样带来确定野生群体的食物和栖息选择。

在实验室里给捕获的两种蝴蝶幼虫提供各种不同的食物；每天都确定食物和幼虫的重量变化。

在重叠栖息地的两种幼虫的食物习性有明显差异。

在不重叠栖息地的两种幼虫的食物习性没有明显差异。

在实验室喂养的蝴蝶幼虫中，在对于不同食物的选择或生长速率方面没有明显差异。

这些物种可以共生是因为它们没有在同一地区为相同的、有限的食物来源而竞争。

这些结果支持竞争排斥理论，因为这两个物种在同一栖息地不使用相同的食物资源。

Thepurposeofaninformativeabstractistohelpreadersidentifyarticlesofinterest,tooutlinethemainpointsofanarticle,andtoguidethereadingoflongerdocuments.Whenmostpeopleusethewordabstracttheyareprobablyreferringtotheinformativeabstract.Sic-techpaperabstractsareusuallywritteninthisform.

II.FormatsofInformativeAbstracts

Accordingtotheirformats,informativeabstractscanbeclassifiedintotwokinds:

standardabstractsandstructuredabstracts.

1.StandardAbstract标准摘要

Astandardinformativeabstractinitscompleteformusuallyconsistsofthefollowingparts:

1）Background:

Introducingthepresentsituationoftheresearch

2）Purpose:

Statingthetask,theproblemtobesolved,orthesisoftheresearch

3）Methods:

Describingtheprinciples,subjects,materials,technology,methodsorproceduresoftheresearch

4）Results:

Presentingthedata,effectsorpropertiesobtainedfromtheresearch

5）Conclusion:

Providingthesolutionoranswertotheproblemraisedbythepurpose;givingrecommendationsorpredictionsonthebasisoftheresults

Inastandardabstract,allpartsarewritteninoneparagraph.ThefollowingisanabstractfromaresearchpaperontestanalysisofChinesecollegestudents’capabilityinEnglishcommunication.

StandardAbstract

1WhileColleagueEnglishTests（CET）havepromotedthecollegeEnglishteaching,theyhavealsoledtotheextensionoftest-orientededucationandhinderedstudents’capabilityincommunication.2ToexaminethevalidityofCETBandFour,resumedtestswerecarriedoutinsampledstudentsofGrade3inDecember,2002,oneyearaftertheytookCET-4.3WhilethecontrolclasswasexaminedwiththeoriginalpaperofCET-42002,thetreatmentclasswastestedwiththesamepaperinwhichthemultiple-choicequestionswereallchangedintothesubjectiveones.4ThetestscoreswereprocessedwiththestatisticalanalysisprogramSPSS.5TheresultsshowedthatalthoughtherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwoclassesinCET-4scores（p=0.125>0.05）,therewassignificantdifferencebetweenthemintheirexperimentaltestscores（P=0.000<<0.01）.6Thescoresofthetreatmentclassweresignificantlylowerthanthatofthecontrolclass.7TheresultsindicatethatCETcannotobjectivelyreflectstudents’capabilityincommunication,andthusitsvalidityislow.8ToeliminatethenegativebackwasheffectofCET,wesuggestthatCETbedevisedasacriterion-referencedtest,frequencyofthetestbereduced,andsubjectivequestionsbeincreased.

大学英语四、六级考试在促进教学的同时，又导致了应试教育的延续，影响了学生英语应用能力的提高。

为检验四级考试的效度，对已经参加过02年12月四级考试的01级本科生在一年后进行抽样重新测试。

对照班使用02年四级考试原试卷，实验班使用把客观题改为主观题的原试卷，并对测试成绩进行统计分析。

结果显示尽管对照班与实验班的02年四级成绩无显著差异，但两班的03年实验测试成绩有显著差异，实验班的主观题试卷成绩明显低于对照班的四级重测成绩，这说明四级考题不能客观反映学生的语言应用能力，构卷效度不高。

为排除四、六级考试的负面影响，建议把该考试设计成标准参照型考试，减少考试次数，增加主观题数量。

Intheexample,thefirstsentenceintroducesthebackgroundsituationoftheresearch.Thefirstpartofthesecondsentencestatesthepurpose,whiletherestpartintroducesthemethods.Thethirdandfourthsentencesgoonexplainingthemethods,includingthepopulation,proceduresandthestatisticaltreatment.Thefifthandsixthsentencesgivetheresultsofthestudy,includingthedataobtainedandtheirmeaning.Theseventhsentencestatestheconclusion,whichprovidesananswertothequestionraisedbythepurpose.TheeighthsentencepresentsnecessarysuggestionsforimprovingtheCETTest.

2.StructuredAbstract结构式摘要

Someclinicaljournals,suchasJournalofAmericanMedicalAssociation,BritishMedicalJournal,andAnnalsofInternalMedicine，useanewformcalledstructuredabstract.Ratherthanhavingasingleparagraph,theseabstractscontainasequenceofshortparagraphswithsubheadings,includingContext（Background）背景,Objective目的,Design设计,Setting范围、地点,Subjects（Patients,Participants,orSamples）对象,Interventions处理（治疗）方法,MainOutcomeMeasures主要观察指标,Results结果,andConclusions结论.Someparagraphscontainphrasesratherthansentences.Althoughtheseabstractstendtobelongerthansingle-paragraphabstracts,theyareclear,and