湖北省武汉市高考英语阅读理解和书面表达一轮练习12.docx
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湖北省武汉市高考英语阅读理解和书面表达一轮练习12.docx
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湖北省武汉市高考英语阅读理解和书面表达一轮练习12
湖北省武汉市2016高考英语阅读理解和书面表达一轮练习(12)
阅读下列四篇短文,从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
Decision-makingunderStress
Anewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages,causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegative(负面的)consequencesofadecision.
Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways.
“Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn,”saysProfessorMaraMather.“Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress.”
Forexample,tworecentstudieslookedathowpeoplelearnedtoconnectimages(影像)witheitherrewardsorpunishments.Inoneexperiment,someoftheparticipantswerefirststressedbyhavingtogiveaspeechanddodifficultmathproblemsinfrontofanaudience;intheother,somewerestressedbyhavingtokeeptheirhandsinicewater.Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadn’tgonethroughthestress.
Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstress—atthosemoments,onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind.Butthefindingsfurthersuggestthatstressmaybringaboutadoubleeffect.Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter,butnegativeconsequencesarealsolesseasilyrecalled.
Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision-makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen.Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress,theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent.
Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter;whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin.
Thistendencytoslowdownandbecomemorecautiouswhendecisionsareriskymightalsohelpexplainwhywomenarelesslikelytobecomeaddictedthanmen:
theymaymoreoftenavoidmakingtheriskychoicesthateventuallyhardenintoaddiction.
1.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatpeopleunderpressuretendto .
A.keeprewardsbetterintheirmemoryB.recallconsequencesmoreeffortlessly
C.makeriskydecisionsmorefrequentlyD.learnasubjectmoreeffectively
2.Accordingtotheresearch,stressaffectspeoplemostprobablyintheir .
A.waysofmakingchoices B.preferenceforpleasure
C.toleranceofpunishments D.responsestosuggestions
3.Theresearchhasprovedthatinastressfulsituation, .
A.womenfinditeasiertofallintocertainhabits
B.menhaveagreatertendencytoslowdown
C.womenfocusmoreonoutcomes
D.menaremorelikelytotakerisks
【参考答案】 1—3、AAD
阅读下列短文,从给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
(2013·太原市二模,C)
Facebookhasbeentrickingpeopleintousingitssocalled“fun,freeservice”.Users,however,areactuallypayinganunconscioushighprice—theleakoftheirpersonalinformation.Facebookthenattemptstomakemoneybysellingtheirdatatoadvertisersthatwanttosendtargetedmessages.
MostFacebookusersdon'trealizethisishappening.Eveniftheyknowwhatthecompanyisupto,theystillhavenoideawhatthey'repayingforFacebookbecausepeopledon'treallyknowwhattheirpersonaldataisworth.
Thebiggestproblemisthatthecompanykeepschangingtherules.Earlyon,youcouldkeepeverythingprivate.ThatwasthegreatthingaboutFacebook—youcouldcreateyourownlittleprivatenetwork.Lastyear,thecompanychangeditsprivacyrulessothatmanythings—yourcity,yourphoto,yourfriends'names—weresettobesharedwitheveryoneontheInternet.
AccordingtoFacebook'svicepresidentElliotSchrage,thecompanyissimplymakingchangestoimproveitsservice,andifpeopledon'tshareinformation,theyhavea“lesssatisfyingexperience”.
SomecriticsthinkthisismoreaboutFacebooklookingtomakemoremoney.Itsoriginalbusinessmodel,whichinvolvedsellingadsandputtingthematthesideofthepages,wasatotalfailure.Whowantstolookatadswhenthey'reonlineconnectingwiththeirfriends?
TheprivacyissuehasalreadylandedFacebookinhotwaterinWashington.InApril,SenatorCharlesSehumercalledonFacebooktochangeitsprivacypolicy.HealsourgedtheFederalTradeCommissiontosetguidelinesforsocialnetworkingsites.
WhateverFacebookhasdonesofartoinvadeourprivacy,it'sonlythebeginning,andthatiswhyI'mconsideringclosingmyaccount.Facebookisahandysite,butI'mupsetbytheideathatmyinformationisinthehandsofpeopleIdon'ttrust.That'stoohighapricetopay.
文章大意:
本文是一篇议论文。
Facebook是一个世界上很受欢迎的免费社交网站,然而其用户的个人信息却在不知不觉中被运营商出卖并滥用。
本文对此进行了讨论。
12.Accordingtothepassage,themajorityofFacebookusersareunconsciousthatFacebook________.
A.makesbigfinancialgainbysellingtheirpersonaldata
B.makesitsfreeservicepossiblebysellingadspace
C.profitsbysendingtargetedmessages
D.profitsbyofferingpersonalinformationtoitsusers
答案:
A 细节理解题。
根据文章第一段第二、三句“Users,however,areactuallypayinganunconscioushighprice—theleakoftheirpersonalinformation.Facebookthenattemptstomakemoneybysellingtheirdatatoadvertisers...”可知,A项正确。
13.Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?
A.Facebookrulechangesareindeedmeantforthegoodofusers.
B.Withitstrickexposed,Facebookwillseeitsusersreducedsharply.
C.TheoriginalbusinessmodeldidnotbringFacebookthedesiredbenefits.
D.FewFacebookuserscareabouttheleakoftheirpersonalinformation.
答案:
C 推理判断题。
根据文章第五段第二句“Itsoriginalbusinessmodel,whichinvolvedsellingadsandputtingthematthesideofthepages,wasatotalfailure.”可推知,C项正确。
14.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
A.ThewriterandSenatorSchumerdisagreesharplyonthisissue.
B.Facebook'sprivacypolicyhasthesupportofthegovernment.
C.SocialnetworkingsiteslikeFacebookareunderstrictstatecontrol.
D.SenatorSchumerisnotsatisfiedwithFacebook'sprivacypolicy.
答案:
D 推理判断题。
根据文章第六段第一句“TheprivacyissuehasalreadylandedFacebookinhotwaterinWashington.”和倒数第二段中SenatorCharlesSchumer的呼吁可推知,D项正确。
15.WhydoestheauthorplantoclosehisFacebookaccount?
A.ToescapeFacebook'smembershipfee.
B.Toavoidhispersonaldatabeingabused.
C.Toprotectthesafetyofhisbankaccount.
D.TosupportSenatorSchumer'scall.
答案:
B 细节理解题。
根据文章最后一段倒数第二句“...butI'mupsetbytheideathatmyinformationisinthehandsofpeopleIdon'ttrust”可推知,B项正确。
阅读下列短文,从给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
(2013·长沙市二模,B)
Thesedays,thereareveryfewwildanimalsleftintheUK.Thewolveshavegone.Thebearshavebeenhuntedtoextinction.Fortunately,thereareafewbadgers(獾)—Oh,well,actually,notforlongastheBritishgovernmenthasjustdecidedtokillthemtoo!
Butwhy?
Badgersarefascinatingcreatures.Theblackandwhitemammalsliveundergroundin“setts”,whichtheydigoutoftheearth.Theyareextremelybrave,fightingofflargeranimalssuchasbearsandwolves.Theproblemisthatsomebadgerscarry“BovineTuberculosis”(BTB),aninfectiousdiseasecausedbythebacteriumMycobacteriumBovis(M.Bovis)whichcancauseTBinsomeotheranimals,includingcattle.
Forfarmers,thisisaseriousissue.In1998intheUK,almost6000cowswerekilledtocontrolthedisease.Andin2010,morethan30000animalsweredestroyed.It'sexpensivetoo.BovineTBcoststheUKabout£100millionperyear.Andsomebelievethatthediseasecouldendupcostingtheeconomy£9billionoverthenext40yearsifnothingisdoneaboutit.
Expertssaythatbadgersareresponsibleforabout50%oftheinfectedcattle.So,aftermuchdebate,thegovernmenthasagreedtoabadgercull(杀戮).Thiswillmeanabout30000oftheinnocentcreatureswillbewipedouttofightthedisease.EnvironmentSecretaryCarolineSpelmanadmittedthattherewas“greatstrengthoffeeling”aboutit,butsaid,“Ibelievethisistherightwayforward.”
Ofcourse,manyareagainstthemeasure,includingconservationistsandanimalrightsactivists.Theyclaimthatkillingthebadgersincontrolledzoneswouldn'tworkbecausebadgersfromneighboringareaswouldsimplymoveintotheemptysettsandbecomeinfectedtoo.Furthermore,theybelievethatthewaycattleareraisedintensively,andtransportedaroundtolotsofdifferentfarmsduringtheirlivesisprobablythebiggestcauseofthespreadofthedisease.
Mostordinarypeopleareagainstthemeasuretoo.Asurveysuggestsabouttwothirdsareagainstkillingthebadgers,withmajoritiesagainstkillingthemregardlessofage,regionandgender.Oneofthealternativestothecullinvolvesusingvaccine(疫苗)onbadgers.However,thiscostsanaverageof£2250peryearpersquarekilometer.Trappingandshootingbadgerscosts£2500peryear,butshootingfreerunningbadgersonlycostsabout£200peryear(persquarekilometer).
So,withthatinmind,it'seasytoseehowthegovernmentarrivedattheirdecision.Moneytalks!
文章大意:
本文是一篇新闻报道。
在英国,一些獾身上携带TB病菌,这种病菌会传播给牲畜,从而给农民带来巨大的损失。
政府不顾多数人的反对,决定采取行动来杀掉獾,因为对他们来说,这样做的代价相对来说较低。
16.Whydoesthegovernmentwanttokillthebadgers?
A.Becausethereisnootherchoicetocutthespreadofthedisease.
B.BecausebadgerscarryTB,adiseasewhichcaninfectotheranimals.
C.Becausetheyalmostwipedoutanentirepopulationofcattle.
D.BecauseitmightbeaneffectivewaytofightTBattheleastexpense.
答案:
D 细节理解题。
根据文章第二段中第四句“Theproblemisthatsomebadgerscarry‘BovineTuberculosis’(BTB)...”及倒数第二段最后一句“...shootingfreerunningbadgersonlycostsabout£200peryear(persquare
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