conceptualmeaning.docx
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conceptualmeaning.docx
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conceptualmeaning
conceptual,meaning
篇一:
词汇学术语
词汇学必须熟练掌握的术语
LexicologymorphologysemanticsetymologylexicographywordSemanticfieldmorphemelexememorphallomorphaffix(prefixsuffix)Freemorpheme(boundmorpheme)reference(denotationtationsense)Conceptualmeaning(tativemeaningsocialmeaningaffectivemeaning
Reflectedmeaningcollocativemeaningthematicmeaning)root(stembase)polysemyhomonymyoldEnglish(middleEnglishModernEnglish)inflectionderivationCompounding(conversionblendingshorteningclippinginitialismbackformation)SynonymysynonymantonymyantonymhyponymyhyponymmeronymycollocationIdiommultiwordverbproverbentryheadwordbilingualdictionary(monolingualdictionarylearners’dictionary)dialect(register)stylecontexttaboo(euphemismslangjargon)meaningshift(broadeningnarrowing)mentallexicon(activevocabularypassivevocabulary)metaphorprototypeattribute
篇二:
《数据库原理(双语)》试卷
西南石油大学试卷第1页共10页
西南石油大学试卷第2页共10页
西南石油大学试卷第3页共10页
西南石油大学试卷第4页共10页
西南石油大学试卷第5页共10页
篇三:
历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清
历史老照片不能皖系说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清
Chapter5WordMeaning
Themeaningsof“Meaning”Reference(所指):
Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.
Concept(概念):
Itisbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.
Sense(意义):
Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’
Motivation(理据):
Itatsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.1)Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据)2)Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据)3)Semanticmotivation(词义理据)4)Etymologicalmotivation(词源理据)
Typesofmeaning
GrammaticalMeaning(语法意义):
indicatethegrammaticalconcept(becomeimportantonlyinactualcontext)LexicalMeaning(词汇意义)
Lexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaningmakeuptheword-meaning
Lexicalmeaninghas2components:
Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)andassociativemeaning(关联意义)Conceptualmeaning(概念意义):
alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意义)
Associativemeaning(关联意义):
[tative隐含意义,Stylistic风格意义,Affective感情意义,Collocative搭配意义]
Chapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield(语义关系和语义三场)Polysemy(多义关系)Twoapproachedtopolysemy:
diachronicapproach(历时方法)synchronicapproach(共时方法)Twoprocessedofdevelopment:
radiation(辐射型)andconcatenation(连锁型)Homonymy(同形/同音异义关系)
Itreferswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.Typesofhomonyms
1)Perfecthomonyms(完全同音同形异义词)2)Homophones(同音异义词)3)Homographs(同形异义词)Originsofhomonyms
1)changeinsoundandspelling2)borrowing3)Shortening(缩略)
Thedifferencesbetweenpolysemes(多义词)andhomonyms(同音同形异义词)).
1)Homonymyrefertodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhassevraldistinguishablemeaning.
2)Homonymyarefromdifferentsources.Polysemyarefromthesamesource.3)Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemyarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyhavenothingtodowithoneanother.
values:
Polysemicandhomonymouswordarestlyisticallyusefultoachievehumourorirony(反话,讽刺),ortoheighten(提高)dramaticeffect.
Synonymy(同义关系):
oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesam
eessentialmeaning:
absolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymsSourcesofsynonyms(同义词)are:
1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions
Antonymy(反义关系)
Itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.1)contradictoryterms(矛盾反义词):
theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning,suchantonymsarenon-gradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegrees.(single/married)
2)contraryterms(对立反义词):
antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.(old/young)3)relativeterms(关系反义词):
(parent/child)sell/buySomeofthecharacteristicsofantonyms反义关系的特点
1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition
2)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym3)antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion4)contrarytermsaregradableantonymsTheusesofantonyms
Toexpresseicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.(idiom:
nowandnever)Toformanithesis(对比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.(proverbsandsayings:
easycome,easygo)
Hyponymy(上下义关系)
Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimalSuperordinateandSubordinate(118)SemanticField(词义场)
Viewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory
e.g.(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’)Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage.e.g.(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父亲的姐姐,妈妈的姐姐,父亲哥哥的妻子”inChinese.(122)Chapter6ChangesinWordMeaning词义的演变
Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.Comparativelythecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.
TypesofChanges词义变化的种类(extension,narrowing,degradation,elevationandtransfer)Extensionorgeneralization词义的扩大:
isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.[companion(old)onewhosharesbread(ex)acompany]
Narrowingorspecialization词义的缩小:
istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Whenawordsisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowed.[meat(old)food(na)fleshofanimals]
Elevationorameliorationofmeaning词义的升华:
theprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble
(粗陋的)beginningstopositionsofimportance.[knight(old)servant(el)rankbelowbaronet从男爵]
Degenerationorpejoration词义的贬降:
Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationorno-affectivewordscometousedinderogatorysense.[silly(old)happy(de)foolish]
Transfer词义的转移:
Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.(140)
CausesofSemanticChange词义变化的原因Extra-linguisticfactors141
1Historicalreason2Classreason(elevationordegradation)3Psychologicalreason
Linguisticfactors:
thechangeofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem.
Chapter8MeaningandContext意义和语境
Contextinitstraditionalsensereferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagivenword.Modernlinguistshavebroadeneditsscopetoincludebothlinguisticandextra-linguisticcontexts.Twotypesofcontext
Linguisticcontext:
Itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.
1)Lexicalcontext:
Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.
2)Grammaticalcontext:
Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.Extra-linguisticcontext:
Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituaionaswell.itembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.
Theroleofcontext语境的作用Eliminationofambiguity消除歧义
1)Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy.
2)GrammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguityIndicationofreferents限定所指Provisionofcluesforinferringwordmeaning提供线索以猜想词义
Chapter9EnglishIdioms英语习语Idioms:
areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiommayincludecolloquialisms(俗语),Catchphrases(标语),slangexpressions(俚语),proverbs(谚语),etc.TheyformanimportantpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.
CharacteristicsofIdioms
Semanticunity语意的整体性wordsintheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity
Structuralstability结构的稳定性:
theconstituents要素ofidiomscannotbereplaced,invertedorchanged,deletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.
Thefixityofidiomdependsontheidiomaticity.习语性表达习惯
ClassificationofIdioms
1idiomsnominalinnature名词性习语(whiteelephant累赘物)
2idiomsadjectivalinnature形容词性习语(aspoorasachurchmouse)3idiomsverbalinnature动词性习语(lookinto)
4idiomsadverbialinnature副词性习语(toothandnail拼命)5sentenceidioms句式习语(neverdothingsbyhalves)
Useofidioms:
习语的使用(stylisticfeatures,rhetoricfeaturesandtheiroccasionalvariations)Stylisticfeatures文体色彩〔colloquialisms(俗语),slang俚语,literaryexpressions〕Thesameidiommayshowstylisticdifferenceswhenitisassigned(指派)differentmeaning
Rhetoricalfeatures修辞色彩(phoneticmanipulation语音处理,lexicalmanipulationandfiguresofspeech)phoneticmanipulation语音处理:
alliteration头韵、rhyme押韵
lexicalmanipulation:
reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms同义字重复)[screamandshout]repetition[outandout]、juxtaposition(ofantonyms)反义词并列[hereandthere]
figuresofspeech:
Simile(明喻)、Metaphor(隐喻)、Metonymy(换喻)、synecdoche(提喻)、Personification(拟人法)、Euphemism(委婉词)Variationsofidioms习语的变异形式:
addition,deletion,replacement,postion-shifting,dismembering(分解)179
Chapter10EnglishDictionaries英语字典
Dictionary:
presentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,priation,meaning,usage,rulesandgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology(语源)Typesofdictionaries:
Monolingual&bilingualdictionaries
Monolingualdictionary:
iswritteninonelanguage(LDCE,CCELD).Theheadwordorentriesaredefined&illustratedinthesamelanguage.
B
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