从功能对等理论看中国特色词汇的翻译.docx
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从功能对等理论看中国特色词汇的翻译.docx
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从功能对等理论看中国特色词汇的翻译
OntheTranslationofChinese-specificWords
fromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory
Author:
ZhangFan
Tutor:
FangWei
(CollegeofForeignLanguages,HunanAgriculturalUniversity,Changsha410128)
Abstract:
ThispaperattemptstoanalyzefunctionalequivalenceandappliesittoEnglishtranslationofChinese-specificwordstoovercomedifficultiesfacedbytranslators.AnditcomestotheconclusionthattheidealtranslationofChinese-specificwordsistoachievetheequivalenceofbothmeaningandforminthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.However,becauseofthedifferencesbetweentwolanguages,inmostcaseswecannotachievetheformequivalenceandthemeaningequivalenceatthesametime.AccordingtoNida’sFunctionalEquivalence,meaningshouldtakepriorityoverformwhentheycannotbekeptatthesametime.OnlyinthiswaycanthetranslatedtextproperlyconveysthemetaphoricalmeaningofChinese-specificwords,takingitsliteralmeaningintoaccountaswell,andretainsitsnationalcoloringandlinguisticfeaturesasmuchaspossible.
Keywords:
Chinese-specificwords;FunctionalEquivalence;Translationtechniques
从功能对等理论看中国特色词汇的翻译
作者:
张帆
指导老师:
方伟
(湖南农业大学外国语学院,长沙410128)
摘要:
本文对尤金·奈达的功能对等理论进行了较为详尽的分析,试图将其应用到中国特色词汇的英译中去。
我们认为最理想的中国特色词汇的翻译是达到形式上和意义上的完全对等。
但是由于两种语言的种种差异,很多情况下不可能同时达到形式上和意义上的对等。
根据奈达的功能对等理论,在这种情况下译文应首先达到意义上的对等。
以功能对等理论为指导,灵活运用各种翻译策略,译入语才能够尽可能地准确表达中国特色词汇的意义,保持原有的民族特色,语言特征以及修辞手段。
关键词:
中国特色词汇;功能对等;翻译策略
Introduction
Translationisanactivityinwhichonelanguageistranslatedintoanother.Itaimsatputtingallinformationofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguageandatthesametimeachievingthegreatestequivalenteffectsofmeaningandimagefunctions.Chinese-specificwordsusuallyoriginatefromhistoricalevents,fables,mythsandlegends.Theyarefullofstrongnationalcoloring,andhaverichcontent.Chinese-specificwordsareaveryimportantpartofChineselanguage.Theyhavevividimages,conciseexpressionsandstrongculturalcharacteristic,whichmakesthemahardnuttocrackintranslation.WiththefrequentculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandthewesternworldandtheuprisingofChina,anadequateofChinese-specificisbecomingamustandmoreandmoreimportant.However,notmanyscholarsofbilingualtranslationhavelaidparticularemphasisonthetranslationofChinese-specificwordsintoChinese.Therefore,theauthorhaschosenthetranslationofChinese-specificwordsintoEnglishasthethemeofthisdissertation.
Thispaperconsistsofthreechapters.
ChapteroneistheintroductionofChinese-specificwords.Inthischapterthedefinition,characteristicsandclassificationofChinese-specificwordsareillustratedindetail.Chinese-specificwordsusuallyoriginatefromhistoricalevents,fables,mythsandlegends.Theyarefullofstrongnationalcoloring,andhaverichcontent.Chinese-specificwordshavethreemajorcharacteristics.TheauthoralsoclassifiedtheChinese-specificaccordingtothefieldstheyarebeingused.
ChaptertwoisdevotedtotheintroductionofNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.Theauthormadeabriefbutclearintroductionaboutfunctionalequivalencetheory,pointingoutitsmajorelementsaswellascharacteristics.Byanalyzingthistheory,theauthoralsoexplainedwhyFunctionalEquivalenceisthebestmethodtotranslateChinese-specificwords.
ChapterthreeelaboratesfourstrategiesoftranslatingChinese-specificwordsfromtheperspectiveofFunctionalEquivalence.Theyareliteraltranslation,freetranslation,literaltranslationplusannotation,transliteration,ofwhichthefirstoneisthemostimportant,bearingtheoriginalnationalcolors,imagesandrhetoricaldevicesofChinese-specificwords.Theauthoralsogavealotofexamplestoproverelevantargumentsandexplainwhenandwhy,usewhatkindsoftranslationmethodstoachievesuccessfultranslation.
1GeneralanalysisofChinese-specificwords
China’slongandsplendidcivilizationbrewedmanywordswithuniqueChinesecharacteristics.Withtheintensifyingreformandopeninguptooutsideworld,theChinesehasalsocreatednewwordswithChinese-specificfeatures.BecauseofthedifferencesbetweenChinaandtheEnglish-speakingcountriesinhistory,politicalandeconomicsystem,andculture,thereisnoequivalentexpressionforthewordswithChinesecharacteristics,sothereisaneedtocreateasystemwhichconformstothecharacteristicofbothEnglishandChineseandiswidelyaccepted.
1.1DefinitionofChinese-specificwords
WhatarewordswithChinesecharacteristic?
Thereisnodefinitedefinitionatpresent,andtheworksonitisveryfew.InthisthesistheyaredefinedaswordswhichonlyexistsinChinesecultureandcanreflectthecharacteristicofChina’shistory,culture,politicandeconomy,suchas“people’sCommune人民公社”“culturalrevolution文化大革命”,“barefootdoctor赤脚医生”,“ironricebowl铁饭碗”andsoon.Chinese-specificwordsreflectthings,events,objectsorconceptswhicharepeculiaroruniquetotheChinesecultures.TheydonotexistordifferfromthoseintheEnglish-speakingcultures,suchas琵琶,旗袍,节气.NearlyallChinese-specificwordshaverichculturalconnotations,suchas仁,义,礼,节,中庸.AndthemajorcharacteristicisthatwhatthewordsreflectonlyexistinChineseculture,inotherwords,thereisnoequivalentsintheEnglishlanguages,suchas鸳鸯,油条,饺子,时辰.Tosumup,Chinese-specificwordshavethreecharacteristics:
a.peculiarityoruniqueness;b.embeddedwithculturalconnotations;c.noequivalentsintheEnglishlanguages.
1.2ClassificationoftheChinese-specificwords
Chinese-specificwordsintermsoffieldtheyarebeingusedcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:
Chinese-specificwordsaboutpoliticsandeconomy,Chinese-specificwordsconnectedwithfood,Chinese-specificwordsaboutreligion,Chinese-specificwordswithhistoricalfigures.
1.2.1Chinese-specificwordsaboutpoliticsandeconomy
Beingasocialistcountry,Chinahasauniquepoliticalorganizationform,thuscreatingmanywordswithChinesecharacteristic.Suchas大跃进thegreatleap,一国两制onecountry,twosystems,三个代表threerepresents,三股企业three-shareenterprise:
enterpriseswhosesharesarepurchasedbygovernmentdepartments,localauthoritiesandotherenterprises,四个现代化,fourmodernization,改革开放reformandopeningup,人民公社people’scommune,赤脚医生barefootdoctors,计划经济plannedeconomy,廉政建设constructcleanpolitics,火炬计划theTorchProgram:
High-techresearchanddevelopmentprogramlaunchedin1986bytheStateScienceandTechnologyCommission,coveringbiology,newsourcesofenergy,newmaterialsandinformationtechnology,燎原计划PrairieFireProgram:
launchedbytheStateEducationCommissioninSeptember1988toboosteducationintheruralareas,春苗计划SpringBudPlan:
Anon-governmentprograminitiatedbythechildrenandTeenagersfundundertheAll-ChinaWomen’sFederationtohelppoorruralgirlscompleteprimaryeducation,星火计划SparkProgram:
thesparkprogramisthefirstprogramapprovedbytheChinesegovernmenttopromotethedevelopmentofruraleconomybyrelyingonscienceandtechnologyandisanimportantcomponentofplansforthenationaleconomicandscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment,菜篮子工程shoppingbasketprogram,外向型经济export-orientedeconomy,四项基本原则thefourcardinalprinciples,吃大锅饭thepracticeof“eatingfrom“thesamebigpot”,西部大开发westerndevelopment,发展才是硬道理developmentistheabsoluteprinciples,物质文明和精神文明materialandethicalprogress.
1.2.2Chinese-specificwordsaboutfood
ChinahasalonghistoryofcookingandtheChineseareknownasthemostcriticaleaters,fortheyhaveattachedgreaterimportancetofoodthananyotherpeople.Numerouswordsareconcernedwithfood,thefollowingaresomeexamples:
饺子dumplingswithvegetablesandmeatfillings,馄饨wonton,dumpingsoup,油条deep-friedtwisteddoughsticks,汤圆tangyuan,dumplingsmadeofstickyriceflourservedsoup,凉粉beanjelly,烧卖shaomai,steameddumplingswithporkandstickyricefillings,千层饼multiplelayersteamedbread,东坡肉braisedpork,inventedbySuDongpowhowasafamouspoetinSongDynasty,贵妃鸡highest-rankingimperialconcubinechicken,inventedinTangDynastyandnamedafterYangKweiFei,叫花鸡beggar’schicken,toastedbylotusleafandearthmud,inventedbytwobeggarsinQingDynasty,蛋炒饭friedricewithegg,八宝粥eighttreasurecongee,糖葫芦crystallinecandiedhaw,满汉全席RoyalFeastofCompleteManchu-HanCourses,麻婆豆腐Mapo’sbeancard,stir-friedbeancurdinhotsauce,宫保鸡丁dicedchickenwithchiliandpeanutsinhotsauce,inventedbyGongbaoinQingDynasty,佛跳墙buddhajumpingoverthewall,全家福happyfamily,stewedassortedmeats,珍珠粥comcongee,芙蓉燕窝stewedbird,nestsoupwithegg-white,翡翠羹vegetablesoup,狗不理包子gobelieve,stuffedbun,过桥米线Yunnanricenoodle,四喜丸子four-joymeatballsbraisedwithbrownsauce,盖浇面Chinese-stylespaghetti,锅贴potstickers,馒头steambread.
1.2.3Chinese-specificwordsaboutreligion
Religionisalsoaveryimportantsource.InChina,thetranslationofBuddhistscriptureisregardedasthebeginningoftranslationactivity.BuddhismwasintroducedintoChinaabout2000yearsagoanditgraduallytookrootinthefeudalsocietyofChina,andflourishedforalongtime.TheBuddhismintermingledwithConfucianandTaoismthoughtandbecameanimportantintellectualpartinthehistoryofChina,deeplyrootedintheChineseideology.IthassuchawideinfluenceamongChinesepeoplethatmanyChinese-specificwordscontainingtheimagesoftemple,Buddhaandmonkwerecreated,suchas喇嘛lama,活佛livingBuddha,观音菩萨Avalokitesvara,佛教Buddhism,和尚Buddhistmonk,尼姑Buddhistnun,平时不烧香,临时抱佛脚embraceBuddhist’sfeetinone’shourofneed-seekhelpatacrucialmomentfromwhomoneusuallypaysnoattentionto,泥菩萨过河,自身难保likeaclayBuddh
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- 关 键 词:
- 功能 对等 理论 中国特色 词汇 翻译