中西饮食文化差异的餐桌礼仪对比.docx
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中西饮食文化差异的餐桌礼仪对比.docx
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中西饮食文化差异的餐桌礼仪对比
OnthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodculture
Chaptr1
IntroductionFoodisthemostimportantmaterialinmaintainingourlifeandimprovingthequalityofourbodies,andisbasicforthedevelopmentaswell.Anoldsayinggoeslikethis“foodistheheaventothepeople”,whichmeansthatfoodranksthefirstinallourneeds.weshouldeatanddrinkbeforeweengageourselvesinthecourseofpolitics,science,art,andreligionact’sallproducingactivitiesofhuman,especiallyfoodproductionbecomeabasicconditionofthewholehistory.Foodissofundamentaltoourlifesothatalltheotheraspectsofourlivingaredeterminedbyit,builtonit,andlimitedbyit.Sincethehumanbeingcookwithfireforthefirsttimeandcometoacivilianage,thefoodweeathasbeguntobeofculturalproperty.Itisnotahistoryofsub-humaneatinganddrinking,butahistoryinwhichthehumanbeingconquersthenature,changethenature,andgetadaptedtonaturetoexistanddevelop.Andinthishistoricprocess,thehumangraduallyformeditsfoodculture.Foodasacategoryofculture,helpsustounderstandeveryareaoftheorientalandoccidentalworld.WithChineseentrytotheworld,plentyofthingswhicharefreshtous,atonceflocktoourcountry.Amongthem,ofcourse,foodcultureofothernationscomeintoourtoo.Nowadays,manypeopleoutofcuriosity,tastedifferencesortoffoodofothercountries.Butfewofthemthesepeoplereallygrasptheessenceofthefoodculture.Whilethefoodofoneplacecanreflectitsculture,soitisnecessaryforustolearnthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodculture.
Chapter2Definitionoffoodculture
Foodcultureisanimportantpartofhumanculture.Ithastwodefinitionsinbroadsenseandnarrowsense.Inthebroadsense,foodculturehassomethingincommonwithcookingculture,anditisconsideredasthecounterpartofthelatter.Generallyspeaking,cookingculturereferstothetotalamountofmaterialandspirittreasurewhichiscreatedandaccumulatedduringthelongperiodoffoodproductionandprocessionbythehumanbeing.Itisaboutwhatfoodhumanmakes,andhowtomake.Itincludesthefoodingredient,cookingtool,cookingskillandsoon.Inthenarrowsense,foodculturereferstothesum-upofmaterialandspirittreasurecreatedandpasseddowninthelongperiodofhumaneatingthefoodproduct.Itisaboutwhathumaneat,andhowtoeatandwhyeatsuchfoodetc.Itincludesthevarietyoffood,thetoolusesineating,thecustomsofeating,andtheserviceofeatingact.Inaword,cookingculturecometobirthinthecourseoffoodproductionandprocession.Itisaproductionculture,whilefoodcultureinthenarrowsenseisakindofconsumingculture,whichcometobirthinthecourseoffoodconsuming.Theproductionandtheconsumingistightlyconnectedtoeachother.Ifthereisnocookingculture,theywillbenofoodculture.Thefirstoneisthepremiseofthelatter.Thelatterisderivedfromthefirstone.Thus,weusuallydefinefoodcultureinbroadsensethatisthesum-upofcookingcultureandeatingculture.
Chapter3ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodculture
Chinahasalonghistoryof5000years,whilethewesthasoneofaboutsixhundredyears.Chinahasafoodculturethatiscolorful,profoundandexcellent,whilethewesthasitsownspecialculture.Nowwe’dliketotalkaboutthedifferencesbetweenthesetwoculturesfromthefollowingaspects.
3.1 thedifferenceofideaaboutfood
WhatChinesepeoplecareaboutisthedeliciousnessoffood.Theyemphasizetheideaofusingsomecookingskillstouniteandharmonizethetastesoffoodswhichhavedifferentnaturalproperties,Chinesepeoplevaluethesimilarityofdifferentthings.Accordingtotheirtraditionalidea,theytendtoseektherelationshipbetweentwodifferentobjects,andmakethemchangetoeachother.Sotheyvaluetheunityofdifferenttastesandtheyalwaystrytoharmonizefoodofdifferentnaturalpropertiesintoone.Forexample,inShandongdishes,porkandsoybeanoilareinterdependentandtheircombinationcanalmostmakealldishesbeoffantasticsmellofporkandcolorofsoybean.Itthusmakefoodofdifferentnaturesgetunification.Sowesee,mediocrityisthethemeofChinesecookingculture.Sincethewesternersbelieveinseparationoftheuniverseandhumanintheirculturalspiritandthinkingmodel,emphasizetheformandstructureandvaluetheclearness,theyformaspecialideaaboutthefoodscience.Theveryideaisthatecologicalbeliefinseparationoftheuniverseandhumanworld,properideaofbalancednutrient.Intheiropinion,oneshouldchoosehisfoodonlyaccordingtohisneedasanindependentindividualandthebalancedrequirementofallkindsofnutrientsforeachpartofhisbody.Theyconsideritisimportanttomakethepropermatchoffoodbythecriterionofvarietyandquantity.Throughcookingoftherawmaterials,theydisplaythenicetasteofallkindsofmaterials.Whattheywantistomeetthephysiologicalneedofthebody.Forexample,thetasteofcrablobsterandseafishlivecompletelydifferent,thewesternerswilldefinitelynotmixthetastesofthemwhentheypreparethedishwiththem.
3.2 Thedifferencesofcookingskill
Theso-calledChinesemeditationoffiveflavorsreferstotheoriginaltasteofthefoodafterheatedandcooked,andtheflavorsofingredientsandcondimentsmixtogetherandmeltintoeachotherandcomplementeachother.Chinesepeoplemoreoftenthannotaddtwoormorecondimentsintothefoodandbythisrealizetheperfectharmonyofthetasteofthearterialandcondiments.Theultimateendofmeditationistocookdeliciousfood.Therefore,Chinesepeoplewillsurelyaddtwoormorekindsofingredientsandcondimentstoalmosteverydishtheycook,evensomecommonhome-madedishes,suchasslicedmeat,stir-friedwithgarlicbolts,whilethesamematerialandingredientsarecookedinwesternway,thechefwouldprobablyslicethebeefandtomatoesseparatelyandputtheminaplatewithtwopotatoesandfourvegetableleaveswithoutmixingwitheachotherandthusaffectingthetasteofeachother.Thewesternersemphasizenutritionandbalancedintheirdiet,sotheypreparetheirfoodaccordingtoscientificinstructionsstrictlywithoutanyexception.Thetasteofthesteakdoesn’tdifferfromNewYorktoLosAngels`anditsotheringredients,withoutanydoubtaretomatoes,potatoes,andvegetableleaves.Moreover,normalizedcookingrequiresthatthecondimentsshouldbeaddedpreciselybygram,andthelengthoftimeneedstobecalculatedbyseconds.
3.3Thedifferenceofwhatfoodthepeopleeat
Wecanenjoythefoodculture,ofwhichthepremiseconditionisthefood,withoutfood,wearenotabletocookandeatandexsit.chinesedishesareconnectedtightlytovegetables.Chinesepeopleeatvariousvegetableswhichareupto600kindsinnumber,6timesasmanyasthewesternersdo.Asamatteroffact,inChinesediet,vegetablesisarathercommonfood.Onlyinfestivalsorinthetimewhenlifeconditionisimproveddotheyeatmoremeat.Duetothisvegetariancharacteristicsindietstructure,Chinesepeoplearesometimesregardedtobeofplantcharacter,whenthischaracterisreflectedintheculture,wecanseethatChinesepeoplevaluereunionandtheyareattachedtotheirhometownandarenotwillingtoleave.Thewesternersaredifferent,theyaredescendantofnomadictribesandnavigationpeoplesintheirculturalorigin.theirancestorlivedmainlybyfishing,huntingandfeedingdomesticanimalsandsometimesalsobycollectingandcultivation.Sotheyatemoremeatintheirdiet.Duetothis,thewesternersareconsideredbysomepeopletobeofanimalcharacter.Asaresult,thewesternersliketoperuseindividualityandlikeadventureandexploration.InthehistoryofAmerica.duringtheperiodofwestwardmovement,Americanspackedtheirfurnitureandloadthemonthetruckandthenmoveawayfromtheirlingplacestoanewplacewithoutanyhesitation.However,Chinesepeoplemisstheirhometownallthetimewhentheyareabroad.Althoughit’sadvocatedthattheyoungshouldbeabletosettledowninanyplace,thoseChinesepeoplewholiveoverseasforseveraldecadesattheendcomebacktotheirmotherland.ThisideologyandspiritofreturningtothebirthplacedosedefinitelyhavesomethingtodowiththeessenceoftheChinesefoodculture.ItalsostrengthensthecohesiveforceofChinesepeople.
3.3 Thedifferenceoftablemanners
Inchina,anybanquet,nomatterforwhatpurpose,isheldinthesameway.Thatis,peoplesitaroundaroundtableeatinganddrinking,entertainingandtalking.Thiscreatesaatmosphereofunityandhappinessandpoliteness.Deliciousdishesareputinthecenterofthepeopleandnaturallybecomethemediabywhichpeopleexchangetheirfeelingsandemotions.Theytoasttoeachotherinamannerofgreatjoy.Althoughaccordingtohygienestandard,thiskindoftablemannersobviouslyhasbigdefects,itaccordswiththecommonideagreatunionofChinesepeople.ItalsoreflectstheinfluenceoftheclassicalphilosophyhasontheChinesedescendants.Inthewest,peoplehavetheirdinnerinacompletelydifferentway.Fromtheoldtimeuntilnow,theyhavenevereatenfoodwhichisputinthesameplateorbowl.Eachofthemhashisownshareofthefoodwhichiscontainedinhisownplate.Thisdisplaysthestrongindividualityofthewesternersintheirculture.Theyadvocatedindividualidea,askforindividualfreedom,trytorealizeindividualdream,withaslittlelimitedandconstrictionfromthemassaspossible.Thiskind
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