高中英语语法大全.docx
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高中英语语法大全.docx
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高中英语语法大全
高中英语语法大全
非谓语动词:
一、动名词
1、a、形式:
doing
b、动+宾/状语e.g.studyingEnglishisveryimportant.
C、名作主、表、定、宾。
e.g.Workingforhisfactoryismyjob.主
Cominglatetoschoolmadehisteacherangry.
TranslatingthenovelintoJapanesemadehisfamous.
Hisjobistapyingallkindsofarticles.表
Walkingstick
HebeganlearningFrenchattheageof17.宾
Hesetaboutrepairingthecomputer.宾
2、作用《功能》
a、主语形式doing(主动)beingdone(被动)
e.g.deaningtheofficemadehertired.主动
Bingcriticizedmadeherunhappy.被动
Bingintroducedtothefilmstarmadeherhappy.
Itisuseless/useful/nouse/nogooddoingsth.
B、表语形doing解释主语
e.g.Myjobisteachingmaths.
C、定语a,表示中心词的用途
e.g.sleepingpillswritingbrush.
B,n+doing表示中心词
e.g.Englishspeakingcountry.
Pig-raisingfarm
Filmmakingfactory.
D、宾语形式1、主动doing被动beingdone
主动havingdone被动havingbeendone先于谓语
注意:
主语是执行者用主动,主语是被动者用被动。
e.g.Hehatesbeingleftaloneathome.
Helovestalkingwithhisclassmateaboutthegames.
Heprefersplantingallsortsofflowers.
Hewassorryforhavingbrokentheglass.
Heforgethavingpostedtheletter.比较
Heforgettoposttheletter.
2、ondoing一……就since(自从)/before(以前)/after(以后)doingindoing在某方面过程中fordoing用于做某事因为做某事
e.g.Onseeingherfather,sheburstintothetears.
Onbeingtakingto,hejumpingontotheplat.
Sincelivinginthetown,hehasgotusedtothelifethere.
Beforereadingthetext,youshouldlearnthewords.
Thetoolisusedforpaintingwalls.
Theshoesareforclimbinghills.
ThebookisforteachingEnglish.
Hewaspraisedforhelpingthepoorpeasant.
Yourbrainsworkfastinplayingbasketball.
动词短语beinggoodat/beafraidof/besureof/befondofdoingsetaboutdoingsth.
动Finnishdoing/praitise/avoid/enjoy/suggest.
按意义差别不大的continuebeing
按意义差别大的likelovehateforgetremember
3、动名词具有逻辑主语
A、主语应用所有格形式或物主代词(在句首)
e.g.LiMing’scomingearlymadetheguestshappy.
Mymakingthesamemistakemademymotherangry.
B、不在句首时,主语可为名词、所有格、物主代词。
e.g.Irememberhis/herwrtingtoher.
IforgetWangFei’s/WangFeitellingmethetare.
C、Wecanhearthesoundofthedesksandbooksbeingopened.
D、逻辑主语是执行者(doing)承受者(beingdong)
e.g.We’llforgetneverhisbeaten……
二、现在分词:
相当于形容词、副词、可作定、表、补、状。
1、表语:
表示主语的特征,有“使让”的意义。
e.g.Thebookisinteresting.
2、定语:
a、分词表中心词的特征。
e.g.aninterestingbook.
B、分词表示行为,动作(doingbeingdone)
说话时正在进行或谓语同时发生。
Buildingbeingbuilt正在建的大楼
Thestudentwalkingtowardstheofficewaslisteningtotheradio.
3、状语:
作时间、伴随、方式、原因、结果状语不作目的状语。
doing
Beingdone
Havingdone
Havingdone
先于谓语
主语是执行者
主语是承受者
e.g.Havingbeensenttothenorthhefeltverylonely.原因
Havingreadthebookshereturnedittoherfriend.时间
Hedidhishomeworldlisteningtomusic.伴随
Hecamerunningtohisparents.方式
4、补语(宾补):
doingbeingdone
e.g.Isawhispalyingbasketball.
Isawthenotionalflaybeingraised.
see/hear/watch/feel/have/leave/keep/notice/obsense/
finddongsth
三、过去分词相当于形容词或副词可作定、表、补、状。
1、定语:
a、表示状态(中心词)e.g.aworriedmather.Apuzaledstudentsapleasedguestabreakenwindow.
b、不及物动词作定语表示完成了动作(主动意义)。
e.g.fallenleavesfallingleaves
developedcountrydevelopingcountry
c、及物动词表示被动完成意义,1)完成,2)先于谓语
e.g.aboybeingbeatenbeatenboytranslatednovel被翻译的小说。
只表被动意义exploitedclass被剥削阶级watchedants受观察的蚂蚁theboyseatednearthewindow.表状态
Thebookspriatedbythechildren.
2、表语,表示主语所处的状态有时含有被动意义。
e.g.thewindowisbroken.Heissarisfied.
Heishiddenbehindthedoor.
Heispreparedforthegame.
Sheisworried/pleased/puzzled/excited/surprised.
3、状语作时间伴随原因条件。
1)被动先于谓语(主语是分词的受害者)
e.g.Translatedintothemanylanguagethebookispopularwithstudentsinmanycountry.表原因
Buildofstone,thetouerhasstoodinthetemplefornearly1000years.表原因
Repairedbytheadvancedworkerthemachinesrunverywell.表时间
2)只表示主语所处的状态(be+p.p.)[worried/surprised/excited/seated/seated/hidden]
e.g.Seatedatthetopofthehill,theywerethingkingoftheirhometown.
Lostintyought,hedidn`thearthetelephone.
Preparedforthehiking,hewentouttomeethisfriends.
Surprisedatthenews,hemadeaphonecalltohischild.
4、宾补1)被动先于谓语(宾语是分词的承受着)
2)表示宾语所处的状态(be+p.p.)
e.g.Ifoundhimreatedathisdeskreadingabook.
Ifoundtheboycheatedbytheyoungman.
Ifoundtheboycheatingtheyoungman.
Isawhimlostintheforest.
Isawhimexaminedbythedoctor.
Isawhimexaminingthepatient.
Isawhimbeingexamined.
可作宾补的词:
hearseefeelmakewatchnoticekeepleavehavefindsthdone.Leave/keepsthdone只有表示宾语的状态。
e.g.Hekeptthebookunread.
Hekepthiseyesclosed/open.表示状态。
Opened表示动作。
四、不定式:
可作主,表,定,宾,补,状。
1、主语:
e.g.Tostudyphysicsisdifferentforme.
TotranslatethearticleintoJapanesemadeherverytired.
Itisdifficulttoworkwithoutmodernmachines.
Itiseasytotalkwiththegirlsittingnearthewinsow.
Itisimportantforustomakeaplanforthenewyear.
Itisnecessaryforustobringanumbrella.
Itiscarefulofhertoturnoffthelightbeforesheleaves.
注:
前边的adj能评价人,用ofsb。
kindcarelessnervoushonestsmartbrave…
不定式和动名词的区别:
toseeistobelieveseeingisbelieveing。
问句中不用it的条件下主语应该是动名词e.g.Isstudyingphysicseasy?
Dosesmokingdoharmtoourhealth?
一次性、未来性——todo经常,概念性的——doing
Togotoswimthisweekendisimpossible。
ReadingEnglisheverymorningishelpfultous。
2、表语e.g.Hiswishistobecomeadoctor.不定式表示一次性、未来性。
Herhopeistohavealargercomputer.
MyjobisteachingEnglish.
3、
(1)不定式和中心词的动宾关系aroom(中心词)tolivein(定)=toliveinaroom
Apentowritewith
A、动词应该是既无动词或者是不及物动词加介词。
e.g.alettertowriteamachinetorepair
somepapertowriteonachairtositon/in
B、anarticletotranslate主动式
anarticletobetranslate被动式
注:
主语或间接宾语(人)是todo的执行者,用主动式,强调另外有执行者,用被动式。
Ihavelettertopost.我有一封信要寄。
Ihavelettertobeposted.我有一封信想请别人寄。
e.g.“Doyouhavesomeclothestowash/
”themaidasked.
(2)抽象词后不定式解释中心词ideaplanopinionsuggestionway+todo=of+doing
e.g.awaytoteachEnglish.Anideatogocamping.
aplantospendtheholiday.Asuggestiontostartashop.
(3)thefirsttocomethelaststudenttoleave.
Thefirsttobepraised.Thelastwatchtoberepaired.
4、状语
(1)表目的状语inordertodosthsoastodosthtodosth
e.g.Heworkshardinorderto/soastosupporthisfamily.
Inordertopickuphisfriends,hewenttothestationearly.
Hecopiedthepoemsoastolearnitbyheart.
Shewalkfastsoasnottoseehim.
句子的主语是执行者用主动,句子的主语是承受者用被动。
e.g.Thegirlstudieshard,soastobepraisedbyherteachers.
Hehidunderthetableinordernottobeseen/found.
Heworkshardinorderforhisdaughtertogotocollege.
(2)表原因状语“后置”beadj+todotohavedone突出“先于,持续。
”
e.g.I`sgladtoseeyouHeisworriedtohearthenews.
Weareexcitedtoseethefilmstar.
Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.
(3)表结果状语1、too…todosth太……以至于……
2、so…astodosth如此……以至于……
e.g.Heissocarefulastofindthemistakeearily.
3、adv/adj…enoughtodosth达到程度以致于……
e.g.Heiscleverenoughtounderstandthenovel.
4、todosth表示意外地结果。
e.g.Hewenttoschoolroomtofindnobody.
Helifedthestoneonlytohithisownfeet.搬起石头砸自己的脚。
5、宾语:
表愿望、意志、选择、计划一类“未来”的意味
Wishhopewantexpectmeantrymanageplanlongchoicedecidebeabouttodotoeagertodo.
e.g.Iwanttoseethefilm.Iwanttobeexamined.
Iexpecttobeintroducedtothefilmstar.
Iwishtobesenttothesouth.
Weplantosendupasatellite.
6、宾补:
(1)asktellorderforbidallowpermitadvise
(2)seewatchobservefeelnoticehear+doing/sbdo(表示感官的行为动词)
Tastesoundfeelsmell+adj(表示感官的系动词)
e.g.Isawhimenter/enteringtheoffice.doing表示动作在进行中
Iheardhimsinginginhisroom.Iheardhimsingintheroom.
Haveletmakesbdo主动用do被动用todo
e.g.Hemademesitstill.让他我坐着不动——》Iwasmadetositstill。
Inoticethedogjumpoverthefence->Thedogwasnoticedtojumpoverthefence.
(3)宾语是执行者用主动式,宾语是被动者用被动式。
e.g.Heaskedhertoleavetheoffice.Heaskedthepicturetobehung.(挂)
Theofficerorderedthespy(间谍)(tobe)killedbeforeclaybreak.
定语从句:
一、基本知识1、有修饰限制作用e.g.Thestudentwhoisstandingnearthewindowishisbrother.
ThearcticwhichwaswritteninEnglishisdifficulttoread.
2、有先行词(中心词)被修饰,被限制引导词(关系词)代:
whichthatwhowhomwhoseas副:
whenwherewhy
二、关系词的基本哦按段方法{a、关系词代替先行词->先行词是什么(人、事、地点、原因、时间)b、关系词在从句中充当成份–>在从句中,作主、宾、定、表、状}
关系词
先行词
成分
代
词
That
人、事
主、表、宾
Who
人
主、宾
Whom
人
宾
Which
事
主、宾
Whose
人、事
定
副
词
When
时间
状
Where
地点
状
Why
原因
状
e.g.1、Hefoundthepicturethat/whichhelastweek.
2、Helivesinthehousewhosewindowfacesthesouth.
3、Thegirldidin`tmeetthescientistthat/who/whomshewantedtoseeforalongtime.
4、Heforgettheplacewherehestayedforthenight.
Heforgettheplacewhich/thathevisitedlastmonth.
Heforgetthedaywhenhemetthesinger.
结论:
时间、原因、地点同时也是事物。
三、特殊的定语从句1、whichas无先行词,代替整个主句或主句的一个短语。
e.g.Hecametoschoollatewhichmadetheteacherworried.
TheChinesefirstmadethetoolasisknowntoall.(总所周知)
区别:
(1)位置as在句首、句中、句末which在句末
(2)语意which与主句有因果关系as对主句起补充说明作用有强调、解释、论证作用。
(3)结构which后按makesbdo(复合结构)asbedoneas+主+谓
2、thesame…asthesame…that
区别:
(1)thesame后按看得见、摸得着的东西as表同样两样两类东西that表示同一类东西。
e.g.Thisisthesamepenasheboughtyesterday.
Hefoundthesamedictionaryas/thathelost.
(2)按抽象意义的名词两者表达意义相同。
e.g.Ihavethesameideaas/thathehas.
Shetoldmethesamenewsas/thatheheardof.
(3)that引导的从句不可省略从句,as引导从句课省略从句。
e.g.Heisthesamemanashewastenyearsago.
Hestudiesthesamesubjectsasshedoes.
3、such…as像……一类e.g.Sheissuchagirlaswealllike.
Suchboysastheyarearegoodat
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