大学英语六级分类模拟题314.docx
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大学英语六级分类模拟题314.docx
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大学英语六级分类模拟题314
大学英语六级分类模拟题314
ReadingComprehension
WhytheMonaLisaStandsOut
A.Haveyoueverfallenforanovelandbeenamazednottofinditonlistsofgreatbooks?
Orwalkedaroundasculpturerenownedasaclassic,strugglingtoseewhatthefussisabout?
Ifso,you'veprobablyponderedthequestionapsychologist,JamesCutting,askedhimself:
howdoesaworkofartcometobeconsideredgreat?
B.Theintuitiveansweristhatsomeworksofartarejustgreat:
ofintrinsicallysuperiorquality.Thepaintingsthatwinprimespotsingalleries,gettaughtinclassesandreproducedinbooksaretheonesthathaveprovedtheirartisticvalueovertime,Ifyoucan'tseethey'resuperior,that'syourproblem.It'sanintimidatinglyneatexplanation.Butsomesocialscientistshavebeenaskingawkwardquestionsofit,raisingthepossibilitythatartisticcanons(名作目录)arelittlemorethanfossilisedhistoricalaccidents.
C.Cutting,aprofessoratCornellUniversity,wonderedifapsychologicalmechanismknownasthe"mere-exposureeffect"playedaroleindecidingwhichpaintingsrisetothetopoftheculturalleague.Cuttingdesignedanexperimenttotesthishunch(直觉).Overalecturecourseheregularlyshowedundergraduatesworksofimpressionismfortwosecondsatatime.Someofthepaintingswerecanonical,includedinart-historybooks.Otherswerelesserknownbutofcomparablequality.Thesewereexposedfourtimesasoften.Afterwards,thestudentspreferredthemtothecanonicalworks,whileacontrolgroupofstudentslikedthecanonicalonesbest.Cutting'sstudentshadgrowntolikethosepaintingsmoresimplybecausetheyhadseenthemmore.
D.Cuttingbelieveshisexperimentoffersaclueastohowcanonsareformed.Hepointsoutthatthemostreproducedworksofimpressionismtodaytendtohavebeenboughtbyfiveorsixwealthyandinfluentialcollectorsinthelate19thcentury.Thepreferencesofthesemenbestowed(给予)prestigeoncertainworks,whichmadetheworksmorelikelytobehungingalleriesandprintedincollections.Thefamepasseddowntheyears,gainingmomentumfrommereexposureasitdidso.Themorepeoplewereexposedto,andthemoretheylikedit,themoreitappearedinbooks,onpostersandinbigexhibitions.Meanwhile,academicsandcriticscreatedsophisticatedjustificationsforitspreeminence(卓越).Afterall,it'snotjustthemasseswhotendtoratewhattheyseemoreoftenmorehighly.AscontemporaryartistslikeWarholandDamienHirsthavegrasped,critics'praiseisdeeplyentwined(交织)withpublicity."Scholars",Cuttingargues,"arenodifferentfromthepublicintheeffectsofmoreexposure."
E.TheprocessdescribedbyCuttingevokesaprinciplethatthesociologistDuncanWattscalls"cumulativeadvantage":
onceathingbecomespopular,itwilltendtobecomemorepopularstill.Afewyearsago,Watts,whoisemployedbyMicrosofttostudythedynamicsofsocialnetworks,hadasimilarexperiencetoCuttinginanotherParismuseum.Afterqueuingtoseethe"MonaLisa"initsclimate-controlledbulletproofboxattheLouvre,hecameawaypuzzled:
whywasitconsideredsosuperior,tothethreeotherLeonardosinthepreviouschambertowhichnobodyseemedtobepayingtheslightestattention?
F.WhenWattslookedintothehistoryof"thegreatestpaintingofalltime",hediscoveredthat,formostofitslife,the"MonaLisa"remainedinrelativeobscurity.Inthe1850s,LeonardodaVinciwasconsiderednomatchforgiantsofRenaissanceartlikeTitianandRaphael,whoseworkswereworthalmosttentimesasmuchasthe"MonaLisa".Itwasonlyinthe20thcenturythatLeonardo'sportraitofhispatron'swiferocketedtothenumber-onespot.Whatpropelledittherewasn'tascholarlyre-evaluation,butatheft.
G.In1911amaintenanceworkerattheLouvrewalkedoutofthemuseumwiththe"MonaLisa"hiddenunderhissmock(工作服).Parisianswereshockedatthetheftofapaintingtowhich,untilthen,theyhadpaidlittleattention.Whenthemuseumreopened,peoplequeuedtoseethegapwherethe"MonaLisa"hadoncehunginawaytheyhadneverdoneforthepaintingitself.Fromthenon,the"MonaLisa"cametorepresentwesterncultureitself.
H.Althoughmanyhavetried,itdoesseemimprobablethatthepainting'suniquestatuscanbeattributedentirelytothequalityofitsbrushstrokes.Ithasbeensaidthatthesubject'seyesfollowthevieweraroundtheroom.Butasthepainting'sbiographer,DonaldSassoon,drylynotes,"Inrealitytheeffectcallbeobtainedfromanyportrait."DuncanWattsproposesthatthe"MonaLisa"ismerelyanextremeexampleofageneralrule.Paintings,poemsandpopsongsarebuoyed(使浮起)orsunkbyrandomeventsorpreferencesthatturnintowavesofinfluence,passingdownthegenerations.
I."Sayingthatculturalobjectshavevalue,"BrianEnooncewrote,"islikesayingthattelephoneshaveconversations."Nearlyalltheculturalobjectsweconsumearrivewrappedininheritedopinion;ourpreferencesarealways,tosomeextent,someoneelse's.Visitorstothe"MonaLisa"knowtheyareabouttovisitthegreatestworkofarteverandcomeawayappropriatelyimpressed—orletdown.Anaudienceataperformanceof"Hamlet"knowitisregardedasaworkofgenius,sothatiswhattheymostlysee.WattsevencallsthepreeminenceofShakespearea"historicalaccident".
J.Althoughtherigidhigh-lowdistinctionfellapartinthe1960s,westillusecultureasabadgeofidentity.Today'sfashionforeclecticism(折中主义)—"IloveBach,AbbaandJayZ"—is,ShamirKhan,aColumbiaUniversitypsychologist,argues,anewwayforthemiddleclasstodistinguishthemselvesfromwhattheyperceivetobethenarrowtastesofthosebeneaththeminthesocialhierarchy.
K.Theintrinsicqualityofaworkofartisstartingtoseemlikeitsleastimportantattribute.Butperhapsit'smoresignificantthanoursocialscientistsallow.Firstofall,aworkneedsacertainqualitytobeeligibletobeswepttothetopofthepile.The"MonaLisa"maynotbeaworthyworldchampion,butitwasintheLouvreinthefirstplace,andnotbyaccident.Secondly,somestuffissimplybetterthanotherstuff.Read"Hamlet"afterreadingeventhegreatestofShakespeare'scon-temporariesandthedifferencemaystrikeyouasunarguable.
L.AstudyintheBritishJournalofAestheticssuggeststhattheexposureeffectdoesn'tworkthesamewayoneverythingandpointstoadifferentconclusionabouthowcanonsareformed.Thesocialscientistsarerighttosaythatweshouldbealittlescepticalofgreatness,andthatweshouldalwayslookinthenextroom.Greatartandmediocrity(平庸)cangetconfused,evenbyexperts.Butthat'swhyweneedtosee,andread,asmuchaswecan.Themorewe'reexposedtothegoodandthebad,thebetterweareattellingthedifference.Theeclecticistshaveit.
1、AccordingtoDuncanWatts,thesuperiorityofthe"MonaLisa"toLeonardo'sotherworksresultedfromthecumulativeadvantage.
2、Somesocialscientistshaveraiseddoubtsabouttheintrinsicvalueofcertainworksofart.
3、Itisoftenrandomeventsorpreferencesthatdeterminethefateofapieceofart.
4、Inhisexperiment,Cuttingfoundthathissubjectslikedlesserknownworksbetterthancanonicalworksbecauseofmoreexposure.
5、Theauthorthinksthegreatnessofallartworkstillliesinitsintrinsicvalue.
6、Itistrueofcriticsaswellasordinarypeoplethatthepopularityofartisticworkiscloselyassociatedwithpublicity.
7、Weneedtoexposeourselvestomoreartandliteratureinordertotellthesuperiorfromtheinferior.
8、Astudyofthehistoryofthegreatestpaintingssuggestsevenagreatworkofartcouldexperienceyearsofneglect.
9、Cultureisstillusedasamarktodistinguishonesocialclassfromanother.
10、Opinionsaboutandpreferencesforculturalobjectsareofteninheritable.
MeaningIsHealthierThanHappiness
A.Foratleastthelastdecade,thehappinesscrazehasbeenbudding.Inthelastthreemonthsalone,over1,000booksonhappinesswerereleasedonAmazon,includingHappyMoney,Happy-People-PillsForAll,and,forthosejuststartingout,HappinessforBeginners.
B.Oneoftheconsistentclaimsofbooksliketheseisthathappinessisassociatedwithallsortsofgoodlifeoutcomes,including—mostpromisingly—goodhealth.Manystudieshavenotedtheconnectionbetweenahappymindandahealthybody—thehappieryouare,thebetterhealthout-comesweseemtohave.Inanoverviewof150studiesonthistopic,researchersputitlikethis:
"Inductionsofwell-beingleadtohealthyfunctioning,andinductionsofill-beingleadtocompromisedhealth."
C.Butanewstudy,justpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(PNAS)challengestherosypicture.Happinessmaynotbeasgoodforthebodyasresearchersthought.Itmightevenbebad.
D.Ofcourse,it'simportanttofirstdefinehappiness.Afewmonthsago,Iwroteapiececalled"There'sMoretoLifeThanBeingHappy"aboutapsychologystudythatdugintowhathappinessreallymeanstopeople.Itspecificallyexploredthedifferencebetweenameaningfullifeandahappylife.
E.Itseemsstrangethattherewouldbeadifferenceatall.Buttheresearchers,wholookedatalargesampleofpeopleoveramonth-longperiod,foundthathappinessisassociatedwithselfish"taking"behaviorandthathavingasenseofmeaninginlifeisassociatedwithselfless"giving"behavior.
F."Happinesswithoutmeaningcharacterizesarelativelyshallow,self-absorbedorevenselfishlife,inwhichthingsgowell,needsanddesiresareeasilysatisfied,andcomplicatedrelationshipsareavoided,"theauthorsofthestudywro
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