Information Systems in BusinessChap005docres.docx
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InformationSystemsinBusinessChap005docres
5DatabaseResourceManagement
CHAPTEROVERVIEW
Chapter5:
DataResourceManagementemphasizesmanagementofthedataresourcesofcomputer-usingorganizations.Thischapterreviewskeydatabasemanagementconceptsandapplicationsinbusinessinformationsystems.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
Afterreadingandstudyingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:
1.Explainthebusinessvalueofimplementingdataresourcemanagementprocessesandtechnologiesinanorganization.
2.Outlinetheadvantagesofadatabasemanagementapproachtomanagingthedataresourcesofabusiness,comparedwithafileprocessingapproach.
3.Explainhowdatabasemanagementsoftwarehelpsbusinessprofessionalsandsupportstheoperationsandmanagementofabusiness.
4.Provideexamplestoillustrateeachofthefollowingconcepts:
a.Majortypesofdatabases.
b.Datawarehousesanddatamining.
c.Logicaldataelements.
d.Fundamentaldatabasestructures.
e.Databasedevelopment.
SUMMARY
•DataResourceManagement.Dataresourcemanagementisamanagerialactivitythatappliesinformationtechnologyandsoftwaretoolstothetaskofmanaginganorganization’sdataresources.Earlyattemptstomanagedataresourcesusedafileprocessingapproachinwhichdatawereorganizedandaccessibleonlyinspecializedfilesofdatarecordsthatweredesignedforprocessingbyspecificbusinessapplicationprograms.Thisapproachprovedtoocumbersome,costly,andinflexibletosupplytheinformationneededtomanagemodernbusinessprocessesandorganizations.Thus,thedatabasemanagementapproachwasdevelopedtosolvetheproblemsoffileprocessingsystems.
•DatabaseManagement.Thedatabasemanagementapproachaffectsthestorageandprocessingofdata.Thedataneededbydifferentapplicationsareconsolidatedandintegratedintoseveralcommondatabasesinsteadofbeingstoredinmanyindependentdatafiles.Also,thedatabasemanagementapproachemphasizesupdatingandmaintainingcommondatabases,havingusers’applicationprogramssharethedatainthedatabase,andprovidingareportingandaninquiry/responsecapabilitysoenduserscaneasilyreceivereportsandquickresponsestorequestsforinformation.
•DatabaseSoftware.Databasemanagementsystemsaresoftwarepackagesthatsimplifythecreation,use,andmaintenanceofdatabases.Theyprovidesoftwaretoolssoendusers,programmers,anddatabaseadministratorscancreateandmodifydatabases,interrogateadatabase,generatereports,doapplicationdevelopment,andperformdatabasemaintenance.
•TypesofDatabases.Severaltypesofdatabasesareusedbybusinessorganizations,includingoperational,distributed,andexternaldatabases.Datawarehousesareacentralsourceofdatafromotherdatabasesthathavebeencleaned,transformed,andcatalogedforbusinessanalysisanddecisionsupportapplications.Thatincludesdatamining,whichattemptstofindhiddenpatternsandtrendsinthewarehousedata.HypermediadatabasesontheWorldWideWebandoncorporateintranetsandextranetsstorehyperlinkedmultimediapagesonaWebsite.WebserversoftwarecanmanagesuchdatabasesforquickaccessandmaintenanceoftheWebdatabase.
•DataAccess.Datamustbeorganizedinsomelogicalmanneronphysicalstoragedevicessothattheycanbeefficientlyprocessed.Forthisreason,dataarecommonlyorganizedintologicaldataelementssuchascharacters,fields,records,files,anddatabases.Databasestructures,suchasthehierarchical,network,relational,andobject-orientedmodels,areusedtoorganizetherelationshipsamongthedatarecordsstoredindatabases.Databasesandfilescanbeorganizedineitherasequentialordirectmannerandcanbeaccessedandmaintainedbyeithersequentialaccessordirectaccessprocessingmethods.
•DatabaseDevelopment.Thedevelopmentofdatabasescanbeeasilyaccomplishedusingmicrocomputerdatabasemanagementpackagesforsmallend-userapplications.However,thedevelopmentoflargecorporatedatabasesrequiresatop-downdataplanningeffortthatmayinvolvedevelopingenterpriseandentityrelationshipmodels,subjectareadatabases,anddatamodelsthatreflectthelogicaldataelementsandrelationshipsneededtosupporttheoperationandmanagementofthebasicbusinessprocessesoftheorganization.
KEYTERMSANDCONCEPTS
1.Datadependence(194):
Thedegreetowhichagivensoftwareapplicationdependsontheformatofstoreddata.Thegreaterthedependenceonformat,thegreaterthelong-termprogrammaintenancecosts.
2.Datadictionary(180):
Asoftwareapplicationanddatabasecontainingdescriptionsanddefinitionsconcerningthestructure,dataelements,interrelationships,andothercharacteristicsofanorganization’sdatabases.
3.Dataintegration(194):
Thedegreetowhichnecessarydataisintegratedintoasingledatabaseforaccess.
4.Dataintegrity(195):
Referstotheaccuracyofthedatastoredwithinadatabase.
5.Datamining(191):
Aprocesswheredatainadatawarehouseissearchedandanalyzedtodiscoveruseful,newinsights.
6.Datamodelling(182):
Aprocesswheretherelationshipsbetweendataelementsareidentifiedanddefined.
7.Dataredundancy(194):
Thedegreetowhichdatahasbeenduplicatedbetweenvariousfilesanddatabases.Thegreatertheredundancy,themoredifficultdatamaintenancetasksbecome.
8.Dataresourcemanagement(185):
Amanagerialactivitythatappliesinformationsystemstechnologyandmanagementtoolstothetaskofmanaginganorganization’sdataresources.Itsthreemajorcomponentsaredatabaseadministration,dataadministration,anddataplanning.
9.Databaseadministrator(180):
Aspecialistresponsibleforthedevelopment,maintenance,andsecurityofanorganization’sdatabases.
10.Databaseinterrogation(198):
Theactivitiesassociatedwithretrievingdatainadatabase.
11.Databasemanagementapproach(196):
Anapproachtothestorageandprocessingdatainwhichindependentfilesareconsolidatedintoacommonpoolordatabaseofrecordsandmadeavailabletodifferentapplicationprogramsandendusersforprocessinganddataretrieval.
12.Databasemanagementsystem-DBMS(196):
Asetofcomputerprogramsthatcontrolsthecreation,maintenance,anduseofanorganization'sdatabases.
13.Databasestructure(174):
Themannerorformatinwhichdataareorganizedwithinfiles.
a.Hierarchicalstructure(175):
Alogicaldatastructureinwhichtherelationshipsbetweenrecordsformahierarchyortreestructure.Therelationshipsamongrecordsareone-to-many,sinceeachdataelementisrelatedonlytotheparentelementaboveit.
b.Multidimensionalmodel(177):
Arelationaldatabasecontainingsummaryinformationcrosstabulatedbyvariousdatacategories.
c.Networkstructure(175):
Allowsmany-to-manyorweb-likerelationshipsbetweendatarecords.
d.Object-orientedmodel(178):
Usesobjectsasdataelements,i.e.elementsthatincludebothdataandthemethodsorprocessesthatactonthedata.
e.Relationalmodel(176):
Alogicaldatastructureinwhichalldataelementswithinthedatabaseareviewedasbeingstoredintheformoftables.Applicationscanlinkrecordsbetweenvarioustablesviacommondataelements.
14.Duplication(189):
Aprocessthatcopiesonemasterdatabasetomultiplesitesatpre-arrangedtimes;alsoknownas"mirroring".
15.Fileprocessing(193):
Dataorganized,stored,andprocessedinindependentfilesofdatarecordsandaccessedandmanipulateddirectlybyoneormoreapplications.
16.Logicaldataelements(170):
Aconceptualframeworkofseverallevelsofdatarepresentingvariousdatagroupings.
a.Character(170):
Themostbasiclogicaldataelement,consistingofasinglealphabetic,numeric,orothersymbol.
b.Field(170):
Adataelementconsistingofagroupingofcharactersthatdescribeasingleattributeofanentity.
c.Record(170):
Acollectionofrelateddatafieldsthattakentogetherdescribeasingleentity.
d.File(173):
Acollectionofrelatedrecordstreatedasaunit.Sometimescalledadataset.
e.Database(174):
Acollectionoflogicallyrelatedfilesortables.Adatabaseconsolidatesfilesortablesintoacommonpoolthatservesmanyapplications.
f.Attribute(170):
Acharacteristicorqualityofanentity.
g.Entity(170):
Aperson,place,orthing.
17.Metadata(180):
Datadescribingtheattributes,entities,relationships,andothercharacteristicsofadatabase.
18.StructuredQueryLanguage(198):
Ahigh-levelhuman-likelanguageprovidedbyadatabasemanagementsystemthatenablesuserstoextractdataandinformationfromadatabase.
19.Replication(189):
Aperiodictwo-wayexchangeofinformationadditions,deletions,andchangesbetweendatabasessotheyonceagaincontainidenticalinformation.
20.Typesofdatabases(185):
Informationstructuresreflectingvariousinformationstorageandretrievaloptimizationtheoriesthathaveevolvedovertime.
a.Datawarehouse(190):
Acentralstoreofdatathathasbeencopiedfromvariousorganizationaldatabases,standardized,andintegratedforusethroughoutanorganization.
b.Distributed(180):
Theconceptofmirroringorreplicatingdatabasesorportionsofadatabasetoremotesiteswherethedataismoreeasilyaccessed.Sharingismadepossiblethroughanetworkconnectingthedatabases.
c.External(189):
Commerciallyoperateddatabasesthatprovideinformationforafeeandthatcanbeaccessedthroughwideareanetworks.
d.Hypermedia(189):
Awebsitestoresinformationinadatabaseconsistingofahomepageandotherhyperlinkedpagesofmultimediaormixedmedia(text,graphicsandphotographicimages,videoclips,
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