国际法期末考试专用.docx
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国际法期末考试专用.docx
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国际法期末考试专用
1、国际法DefinitionofInternationallaw:
国际法是指国家在国际交往中形成的,用以调整国际关系,主要是国家间权利义务关系的、有约束力的原则、规则和制度的总和。
(Refertoabodyofrulesgoverninginternationalrelations.)
Internationallawiscommonlyusedtodescribethewholesystemofrulesthatregulatetherelationshipbetween/amongstates,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationallegalpersons.
2、与国内法相比,国际法的特征Featuresofinternationallawcomparedwithmunicipallaw:
A.Subjects
Sovereignstates,internationalorganizations,andstate-likeentitiesaretheprincipalsubjectsofinternationallaw,amongwhichstatesarethekeylegalpersonsofinternationallaw.调整对象即主体:
(国内法)自然人、法人、合伙组织(国际法)国家、国际组织
B.Law-makingprocess
Unlikethenationallaw,internationallawisnotmadebyoneruler,butbymanyequalrulersintheformsoftreatyandcustom.法律制定程序:
(国内法)存在立法机构。
例如:
议会。
(国际法)无。
通过磋商(国际条约)和国家习惯
C.Lawenforcement
Unlikethemunicipallawenforcementregime,internationallawisnotenforcedbyacentralizedgovernment.Thereisnointernationalpolice.Theinternationalcourtcannotexercisejurisdictionoverstateswithouttheirconsent.Internationallawisenforcedbycombinedmeansofself-defense,collectivedefense,publicopinionpressure,alimitedorganizedforce.法律强制执行力:
(国内法)有系统、有组织。
例如军队、警察和司法机关。
(国际法)不存在军队和警察系统,但司法机关存在,但司法权的行使必须征得争议国家的共同同意。
3、国际法之父FatherofInternationalLaw:
荷兰人格劳秀斯HugoGrotius——“Godhasgivenconscienceajudicialpowertobethesovereignguideofhumanactions."
4、国际法与国内法的关系RelationshipbetweenInternationallawandMunicipalLaw:
一元论Monism:
Onesinglelegalsystem.
Itviewstheinternationallawsystemandmunicipallawsystemascomponents(组成)ofasinglelegalsystem.Whentheinternationallawconflictswithmunicipallaw,somemonistsclaimthattheinternationallawshallprevailover(胜过)themunicipallaw,butothermoniststhinkthatthemunicipallawshallhavesupremacy(霸权)overtheinternationallaw.(一旦冲突,国内法优先或者国际法优先)
二元论Dualism:
Twoindependentlegalsystems.
Dualistsbelievethatinternationallawandmunicipallawareindependentwitheachother.Municipallawisdesignedtodealwithdomestic(国内的)issuesandtokeepdomesticorder,andonthecontrary,internationallawismadetocopewith(处理)internationallegalissuesandtomaintaininternationalorder.Internationallawcannotdirectlybeappliedindomesticsociety,conversely(相反的)domesticlawcannotimposeitselfoninternationallegalsystem.(法律之间的适用不能转化,只能在各自调整领域范围内发生作用)
5、国家地位的传统标准Classiccriteriaforstatehood:
PermanentPopulation永久的人口
DefinedTerritory确定的领土
Government(withactualcontrolovertheterritory)政权组织(实际控制领土)
CapacitytoEnterintoRelationswithotherStates参与国际事务的能力
6、和平共处五项原则FiveFundamentalPrinciples:
1)Principleofmutualrespectforsovereigntyandintegrityofterritory互相尊重主权和领土完整
2)Principleofmutualnon-aggression互不侵略
3)Principleofnon-interventionindomesticaffairs不干涉他国内政
4)Principleofequalityandmutualbenefit平等互利
5)Principleofpeacefulco-existence和平共存
7、国家类型TypesofStates:
FederalState联邦制国家eg:
Canada
CentralState单一制国家
PermanentlyNeutralState永久中立国eg:
Switzerland瑞士、Austria奥地利
Mini-State小独立国eg:
Naura瑙鲁
VaticanCityState教皇国
8、政府间组织Inter-GovernmentalOrganizations:
1)Createdbyagreementbetweenstates
2)Internationalpersonalitydependsonconstitution
3)Internationalorganizationmusthavepowerswhicharenecessarilyrequiredbyitsfunctions
9、联合国TheUnitedNations:
1)宗旨PurposesofUN
a.Tomaintaininternationalpeace&security
b.Todevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationsbasedonprincipleofequalrightsandself-determinationofpeoples
c.Toachieveinternationalco-operationinsolvinginternationalproblemsofeconomic,social,culturalorhumanitariancharacterandinpromotingrespectforhumanrightsandforfundamentalfreedoms
d.Tobethecentreforharmonizingtheactionsofnationsinattainingthesecommonends
2)结构——六个重要机构StructureofUN---Sixprincipalorgans
▪GeneralAssembly联合国大会-designedtobeforumfordiscussionwithnarrowscopeofpower
▪SecurityCouncil安全理事会-theenforcementorgan,littlediscussion,greatpower
▪Secretariat秘书处-administrative,ceremonial,figurehead,depositoryoftreaties
▪TrusteeshipCouncil托管理事会-oversawtrustterritories,butsuspendedoperation1Nov.1994
▪EconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC)经济及社会理事会-forumforeconomicandsocialissues
▪InternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)国际法院-disputeresolution(contentiouscases)
-guidanceoninternationallegalissue(advisoryopinion)
PS:
MembershipofSecurityCouncil安全理事会的成员
i.15members15个成员国
ii.5permanentmembers:
China,France,RussianFederation,UK,andUS五个常任理事国:
中国、法国、苏联、英国、美国
SecurityCouncilVotingProcedure安理会投票程序
i.Onprocedurerequires9affirmativevotes
对于程序事项之决议,应以九理事国之可决票表决之
ii.Onallothermatters:
9affirmativevotesincludingpermanentmembers
对于其他一切事项之决议,应以九理事国之可决票包括全体常任理事国之同意票表决之
—apermanentmembercanabstainandwouldn’tbeconsideredasavoteagainst
一个常任理事国可以弃权并且不会被视作反对票
—apermanentmembervoteagainstwouldvetotheresolution
任一常任理事国的反对票都可以否决决议
10、国籍Nationalityofanindividual:
定义:
Anindividual’snationalityisabondbetweenanindividualandastatethatestablishestheirreciprocalrightsandduties.个人的国籍是一种规定了个人和国家相互之间权利与义务的契约。
Threewaystoacquirenationality:
1.Parentage(bloodrule)血统主义
2.Placeofbirth(soilrule)出生地主义
3.Changeofnationality国籍变更
Specialissueofdualormultiplenationalityandstatelessness.Reduce/eliminatedualormultiplenationalityandstatelessness:
双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍的特殊问题。
减少或消除双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍:
1.Throughmunicipallegislation通过国内立法
2.Bybilateraltreaty通过双边条约
3.Bymultilateralarrangement通过多边协商
11、国际法的渊源SourcesofInternationalLaw:
▪Article38oftheStatuteofInternationalCourtofJustice
Courtshallapply——Threesources
a.internationalconventions国际公约
b.internationalcustom国际习惯
c.generalprinciplesoflaw一般法律原则
12、条约Treaties:
NatureofTreaties条约的本质
1.Essentialfeatures必要特征
a.intentionofpartiestocreatebindingobligations
各方意图创立有约束性的契约
b.agreementtobegovernedbyinternationallaw
协议以国际法为准
2.Distinctionissometimesdrawnbetweenlaw-makingtreatiesandtreaty-contracts
区别有时存在于造法性条约和契约性条约之间
a.Law-makingtreatiescodify,defineorinterpretinternationallaw
造法性契约编纂、定义、解释国际法
b.Treaty-contractsdonotcreategeneralrulesofinternationallaw,onlycreateobligationsbetweenparties
契约性条约并不创制国际法的基本规则,只是制定各方之间的契约
3.Bindingforceoftreaties:
Pactasuntservanda
条约的约束力:
条约必须遵守原则
4.Generallybasedonreciprocalobligation;butunilateraldeclarationofintentmaycreateinternationalobligationsunderunusualcircumstances
总体上基于互相之间的权利义务,但单方声明的意图会产生特殊情况下的国际契约
条约的保留Reservations:
A.Definitionofreservation保留的定义
B.Twoseparatequestionsarise:
“permissibility”and“opposability”
出现两个独立的问题:
允许、可反对
C.Legaleffectofreservations保留的法律效果
D.Bearinmindproceduralrequirements;mostimportantisthatreservationsmustbemadeinwritingandcommunicatedtothecontractingstates.
牢记程序要求,最重要的是保留必须通过书面形式确定,并且传达给缔约国的沟通。
E.Alsokeepinminddistinctionbetweenreservationsand“interpretativedeclarations”
同时牢记保留与“解释性声明”之间的区别
条约的解释InterpretationofTreaties:
1.Theoreticalapproachestointerpretation:
therearethreemajorschoolsofthought
a.“Objective”approach
b.“Subjective”approach
c.“Teleological”approach
2.Majordifferencesrevolvearoundissueofwhatmaterialisbroughtintointerpretationprocess;secondandthirdapproachesinvolvelookingtoextrinsicevidenceincludingpasttreaties,pastpractice,etc.
Tworequirements:
1.Consistent&generalpracticeamongstates(objectiveelement)
2.Acceptanceaslawbystates:
opiniojuris(subjectiveelement)
13、国家承认理论THEORIESOFRECOGNITION:
Twotheoriesoftheeffectsofrecognition
1.ConstitutiveTheory构成说
2.DeclaratoryTheory宣告说
3.Moreaccurateviewisthatrecognitionhasbothconstitutiveanddeclaratoryaspects.
14、国家豁免Stateimmunity:
ScopeofImmunity豁免范围:
1)government
2)governmentorgans
3)leaderofgovernment,ministers,officialsandagentsofthestateinrelationtotheirofficialacts
4)publiccorporationsindependentlycreatedbutoperatingineffectasgovernmentorgans
5)stateownedproperty
15、绝对豁免与有限豁免AbsoluteImmunityvsRestrictiveImmunity:
1.Absoluteimmunity:
anyandallactsofthesovereignenjoyimmunityfromthejurisdictionofcourtsofanotherState.
绝对豁免:
任何与主权相关的行为有免于他国法院法律管辖的权利。
2.Restrictiveimmunity:
immunityshouldbeenjoyedonlyforactsofagovernmentalnaturenotforcommercialacts.
有限豁免:
只享有针对政府性质行为而非商业行为的豁免权。
3.Latterdoctrinefoundincreasingacceptancearoundtheworld.
后一种学说在世界各地越来越多地被接受。
16、领土取得JURISDICTIONOVERLAND:
▪1.Occupation先占
▪2.Cession割让
▪3.Prescription时效
▪4.Conquest征服
▪5.Accretion添附
JurisdictionOverMarineZones海洋区域管辖权
17、领海TerritorialSea
TerritorialSea(12n.milesfrombaseline)领海(从基线量起12海里)
A.Distinctionbetweenterritorialseaandinternalwaters.
领海和内水的区别。
B.Drawingbaselines绘制基线
ContiguousZone(12n.milesfromterritorialwater)
毗连区(从领海量起12海里)
Ps:
NormalBaseline正常基线andStraightBaseline直线基线
领海无害通过权(Rightofinnocentpassagethroughtheterritorialsea)
Foreignshipenjoyedbyacountry'sterritorialwatersinnocentpassage,isrecognizedasinternationallawrules,theterritorialseaandthecontiguouszoneconventionandtheUNconventiononthelawrecognizedharmlessbyrightofthepracticeandmakeitasakindofsystem.UnitedNationsconventiononthelawprovisions,"inthisconvention,underthelimitofallcountries,nomatterforthecoastalstateorlandlocked,theirshipsshallhavetherighttoharmlesslythroughtheterritorialsea.
外国船舶享有经由一国领海的无害通过权,是国际法公认的规则,《领海与毗连区公约》和《联合国海洋法公约》均承认无害通过权这项惯例并把它确定为一种制度。
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