考研考试真题英语一试题.docx
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考研考试真题英语一试题.docx
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考研考试真题英语一试题
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(一)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.
Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.
Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.
Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.
16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.
1.A.pausesB.returnC.peaksD.fades
2.A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally
3.A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until
4.A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation
5.A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement
6.A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize
7.A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted
8.A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied
9.A.withB.aboveC.byD.against
10.A.livedB.managedC.scoredD.played
11.A.ranoutB.setoffC.drewinD.wentby
12.A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant
13.A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled
14.A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain
15.A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments
16.A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead
17.A.changeB.watchC.countD.take
18.A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination
19.A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space
20.A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription
参考答案:
1-5:
CDABA
6-10:
ACBAC
11-15:
DBCDD
16-20:
BDAAC
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?
Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:
everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.
Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?
Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.
However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.
TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.
21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares
A.willeasetrainoperation’sburden.
B.haskeptpacewithinflation.
C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.
D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.
22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor
A.cardrivers
B.railtravellers
C.localinvestors
D.ordinarytaxpayers
23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators
A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.
B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.
C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.
D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.
24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface
A.thelossofinvestment.
B.thecollapseofoperations.
C.areductionofrevenue.
D.achangeofownership.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?
B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork
C.CanNationalizationBringHope?
D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable
Text2
LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.
In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.
ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.
That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonly previousstudy analyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.
Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.
Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase—inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.
That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.
Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.
26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto
A.facilitatehealthcarereform.
B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.
C.improvelocaleducationsystems.
D.lowerdeforestationrates.
27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat
A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.
B.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.
C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.
D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.
28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout
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